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Anatomy, ((A. Cross-section of the right leg (viewed from foot to head). B…
Anatomy
HEAD
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SKULL
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BONES OF THE SKULL
→Frontal bone
→Parietal bone
→ Temporal bone
→Occipital bone
→Sphenoid bone
→Ethmoid bone
CRANIAL FOSSA
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ANTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA
→Cribriform plate
→Crista galli
→Lesser wing of the sphenoid bone
MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA
→Sella turcica
→Optic canal
→Superior orbital fissure
→Carotid canal
→Foramen rotundum
→Foramen ovale
→Foramen spinosum
→Foramen lacerum
POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA
→Internal acoustic (auditory) meatus
→Jugular foramen
→Hypoglossal canal
→Foramen magnum
→Mastoid foramen
FORAMINA IN THE BASE OF THE SKULL
→Petrotympanic fissure
→Stylomastoid foramen
→Incisive canal
→Greater and lesser palatine canals
PALATE
HARD PALATE
→Innervation
→Vascular supply
SOFT PALATE
→Uvula
→Palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds
→Palatine tonsil
→Functions
→Vascular supply
→Innervation
→Soft palate muscles
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TONGUE
MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE
→Genioglossus muscle
→Hyoglossus muscle
→Styloglossus muscle
INNERVATION OF THE TONGUE
→Lingual nerve (CN V-3)
→Chorda tympani nerve (CN VII)
→Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
→Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
VASCULAR SUPPLY OF THE TONGUE
→Lingual artery
→Lingual vein
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THE NASAL CAVITY
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BOUNDARIES OF THE NASAL CAVITY
→Roof
→Floor
→Medial wall (nasal septum)
→Lateral wall
NERVE OF THE NASAL CAVITY
→CN I
→CN V-1
→CN V-2
→CN VII (facial nerve)
THE BRAIN
CEREBRUM
→Frontal lobe
→Central sulcus
→Parietal lobe
→Occipital lobe
→Lateral sulcus
→Temporal lobe
DIENCEPHALON
→Thalamus
→Hypothalamus
→Epithalamus
→Subthalamus
PITUITARY GLAND
BRAINSTEM
→Midbrain (mesencephalon)
→Pons
→Medulla oblongata
CEREBELLUM
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INNER EAR
Vestibule
→Vestibular window
→Utricle and saccule
→Semicircular canals
Cochlea
→Scala vestibuli
→Scala tympani
→Cochlear duct (scala media)
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A. Bony orbit.
B. Lacrimal apparatus.
C. Sagittal section of the eyelid.
D. A normal right eye in contrast to an eye with Horner's syndrome.
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Abdomen, pelvis, and perineum的 overview Pelvis→ilium,pubis,ischium，這三個骨頭的結合處在髖臼。髖骨在後方與pubic symphysis相連。 
Perineum and Pelvis
:male_sign:
A.男性生殖系統。 B.男性勃起的肌肉和組織。 C.陰莖的橫截面。 D.男性會陰的冠狀切面。
Penis
The male copulatory organ, composed of erectile tissue, transports urine and semen via the urethra
the penis is highly innervated by perineal nerve branches and becomes engorged with blood and erects during stimulation.
Testes
The primary male sex organ; produces spermatozoa and sex hormones (e.g., testosterone).
Epididymis
Consists of a head, body, and tail
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Ductus deferens
A thick-walled tube in the spermatic cord that transports sperm from the epididymis through the inguinal canal to the ejaculatory ducts in the prostate gland.
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Seminal vesicles
Lobular glands located on the base of the bladder. During emission and ejaculation, the seminal vesicles empty their secretions
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Bulbourethral glands
Located posterolateraly to the membranous urethra within the deep perineal space; ducts traverse the perineal membrane to enter the spongy urethra.
Secrete mucus that lines the urethral lumen during sexual arousal to aid in passageway lubrication during ejaculation.
:female_sign:
A.子宮與輸卵管冠狀面 B.子宮、輸卵管及腹膜 C.子宮韌帶的矢狀面
Ovaries
The ovaries are the primary female sex organ because they produce eggs (ovum or oocytes) and sex hormones
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Infundibulum
The funnel-shaped, peripheral end of the uterine tube.
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Uterus
A hollow organ that resembles an inverted pear; located in the pelvic cavity between the rectum and the urinary bladder.
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A. Parts of the stomach and duodenum. B. Anterior view of the foregut; the lesser omentum is partially removed.
Midgut, Hindgut, and GI Vascular Supply and Innervation
-Midgut →with the greater omentum reflected superiorly and the anterior abdominal wall reflected inferiorly→
Primary blood supply to the midgut is through the superior mesenteric artery.
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cecum
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It islocated inferior to the ileocecal valve, and is located in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen, within the iliac fossa
Appendix
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The appendix is variable in length and position (usually lies deep to the cecum but may extend down into the pelvis).
The surface projection of the appendix is McBurney's point, which is located 1/3 of the distance between the right anterior superior iliac spine and the umbilicus.
Posterior Abdominal Wall :
Muscles and nerves
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:male_sign: ADRENAL GLANDS, KIDNEYS, AND URETERS :
Anterior Abdominal Wall ：
Two ways to describe→分成四等分、九等分
A. Quadrant partitioning: right upper quadrant (RUQ); left upper quadrant (LUQ); right lower quadrant (RLQ); and left lower quadrant (LLQ). B. Regional partitioning: right hypochondriac (RH); right lumbar (RL); right iliac (RI); epigastrium (E); umbilical (U); hypogastrium (H); left hypochondriac (LH); left lumbar (LL); and left iliac (LI). C. Surface anatomy and dermatome levels. D. Fascial layers of the anterior abdominal wall.
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was
Lobules. Each mammary gland consists of 15 to 20 radially aligned lobes of glandular tissue, which synthesizes and produces milk; each lobe has a lactiferous duct that opens onto the surface of the nipple.
Nipple. The nipple is positioned on the anterior surface of the breast and is surrounded by a circular hyperpigmented region called the areola; small collections of smooth muscle at the base may cause erection of the nipple when breast-feeding or when sexually aroused.
Suspensory (Cooper's) ligaments. Bands of fibrous connective tissue that support the breast and maintain its normal shape; the fibrous bands course from the deep fascia, through the breast tissue, and terminate in the dermis.
Retromammary space. A layer of loose connective tissue that separates the breast from the deep fascia overlying the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles.
Axillary tail. Mammary gland tissue that extends along the inferior border of the pectoralis major muscle into the axilla.
Transverse sinus. A horizontal space between the arterial ends of heart vessels anteriorly (ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk) and venous ends posteriorly (SVC); on each side the transverse sinus opens into the pericardial cavity.
Oblique sinus. A cul-de-sac space deep to the heart and surrounded by the reflection of the serous pericardium around the IVC and right and left pulmonary veins.
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Innervation. Parietal pericardium receives general sensory innervation from the phrenic nerve; visceral pericardium receives visceral sensory innervation from sympathetic nerves (to T1–T4 spinal cord levels) and vagus nerves (to medulla oblongata).
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LOWER LIMB
A.Skeleton of the lower limb B.Osteology of the os coxa(pelvic bone) C.Femur
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New labe
Mediastinal parietal pleura. Lines the lateral surface of the mediastinum (location of the pericardium and heart).
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Regions. The parietal pleura is assigned specific names, depending on the area it lines:
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Descending aorta. The thoracic portion of the aorta that gives rise to posterior intercostal arteries.
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Thoracic duct. The primary lymphatic duct that receives lymph from all tissues below the diaphragm and from the left side of the head, neck, upper limb, and thorax.
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背部淺表肌肉由斜方肌，提肌肩cap骨，菱形大肌，菱形小肌和背闊肌組成, 儘管這些肌肉位於背部，但它們被認為是上肢的肌肉，因為它們將上肢連接到軀幹並通過肩cap骨和肱骨協助上肢運動。 因為這些是上肢肌肉，所以除了斜方肌外，它們都由脊神經的腹側支支（臂叢神經支）支配。 這些肌肉在第六節“上肢”中有更詳細的討論，但由於這些肌肉覆蓋了深部背部肌肉，因此在此包含在內
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