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Pandemic Misbehavior: Rejection of COVID-19 Corpse Burial - Coggle Diagram
Pandemic Misbehavior: Rejection of COVID-19 Corpse Burial
Case Description
What
Groups of people rejected the dead body of COVID-19 patients'. Even though it was a body of health workers (who notably helped them in terms of their health)
Who
were rejected
corpses of COVID-19 patients
rejected
those people who live in the same area where the patients buried
Where
Semarang
Lampung
Gorontalo
Karawang
Banyumas
Why do these people reject?
Afraid of being infected
Assumed that the dead body is the resource of disease to spread
Lack of reliable information
The presents of information that lead to more anxiety
There is a misunderstanding about COVID-19 information in public
Ho does society/government reactions?
The government made secure protocol that also discussed with Indonesian Ulema Council as well as Ministry of Health
Some governors educate the public to show their compassion and remind them that what they did were opposed the teachings of every religion
Public (in general) showed criticism and disappointment through social media
Social Psychology Perspective
Why the community follow the rejection?
Conformity
Groupthink
Sumatra Utara: the community agreed to reject the burial because they don't want their family got infected from COVID-19.
Obedience toward the authoritarian figure
Semarang: Provocation from the community figures regarding rejection toward COVID-19 corpses burial influenced the community perception.
What kind of behavior exhibited by those who reject the burial?
Protest in groups (even in crowds without wearing masks)
Peripheral routes way of thinking
Ignore the fact that is dangerous to be in crowd without mask, but instead focus on the act of protest
Normative social influence (as part of conformity)
protesting together about corpse rejection because that is what everyone in the group does. Also protesting without masks because other members also do not wear masks.
Fear of being different and fear of rejection if one might not join the protest
Deindividuation
Loss of self-awareness
judge the group behavior as the right one without considering other objective opinion
Group think
Comply to the protest to keep the group harmonious
overrides the realistic alternatives
Damaging the ambulance and tearing apart the ambulance driver's PPE (not aware that they are touching someone that have been in closer contact with the corpse).
Peripheral routes way of thinking
Ignore the given evidence about how save the burial protocols but instead do aggressive behavior because other people also does
ignore the fact that is dangerous to have physical contact with ambulance's driver
Frustation-Aggression Hypothesis
People are frustrated with the threat of COVID-19, and thus possible to more likely caused aggression.
Group polarization
Groups tend to make more extreme decisions than the individual. They will less likely to break the ambulance if they are alone.
Why people reject the burial?
Negative attitude
Stigma toward COVID-19 patients
Jakarta Timur: a son of patient who died from corona virus admitted that his family got stigmatised by the neighbors
Discrimination toward COVID-19 patients
Jakarta Timur: The street leading to a son of a man who died from the corona virus got blocked by the neighbours (without permission) due to fear of corona virus.
A woman also being kicked out from her boarding house because she was known as one of the nurses who take care of COVID-19 patients
Lack of knowledge
Not using the central routes to see the problems with objective and proven knowledge, but rather with peripheral routes which influenced by surrounding people
How did they learn these kinds of behaviour?
through hoax that spread among society
people are easier to be persuaded and trust others that are closer and similar to them
provocation from community leaders
compliance toward authority figure
Developmental Psychology Perspective
How does rejection impact the development of patients’ relative(s)?
Attachment Theory
Ambivalent attachment
Unable to carry out daily activities = unable to give constant, consistent, and stable care-giving
Child becomes: insecure as needs not fulfilled, unsociable, feel sense of emotional abandonment, can become aggressive and impulsive
Grief + rejection = mourning families unable to carry out daily activities as normal
Developmental Stages (Erik Erikson)
Relatives of people who have covid-19 varies in their age. There may be babies, children, adolescents, adults, or seniors.
Identity vs Role Confusion (13 - 21 yrs):
Developing personal values, beliefs, and goals. Rejection may hinder the development of self-identity or may negatively affect the process (they may adopt such stigma and rejection for other people because they want to belong in the society).
Identity vs Role Confusion (13 - 21 yrs):
Developing personal values, beliefs, and goals. Rejection may hinder the development of self-identity or may negatively affect the process (they may adopt such stigma and rejection for other people because they want to belong in the society).
Industry vs Inferiority (5 - 13 yrs)
:
Peer group becomes increasingly important. Encouragement from others pushes abilities forward. However, if the people around them reject, they may not reach their full potential and develop sense of inferiority.
Generativity vs Stagnation (40 - 65 yrs):
Supposedly should experience feeling of accomplishment. However, rejection and backlash from society may cause them to feel disconnected and lack of purpose, esp. in addition to still mourning over death of family members.
Rejection from the environment can be very detrimental as social support is supposedly important for the human development.
Who, from their external factors, influences the behavior of these people who reject the burying of the corpses?
Bronfenbenner's ecological theory
Microsystem
: home, school/job, peer group, & community. The closest people around them can easily affect how they think about rejection and as they interact, views can be changed in favor to support such behavior.
Exosystem
: friends of family, workplace, & mass media - indirectly influence the microsystem, which then can influence the attitude and behavior of the individual in the center of the system
Macrosystem
: cultural patterns and values. Dominant belief of harms of covid-19 virus burial can affect the view and the behavior of people within the area.
How did prejudice regarding COVID-19 patient’s corpses develop?
Attitudes are influenced by social environments such as parents and peers.
A person in microsystem e.g. family member or peers that have such prejudice and transfer their views and beliefs onto the individual
A person from exosystem that has indirect effect to change the individual's view e.g. mass media, workplace colleague
Who are these people who reject the corpses? Age? Gender? Background?
In Sewakul, Ungaran, Central Java: 3 people were suspected to the perpetrator of rejecting burial - their ages were: 31, 54, & 60 years
21 - 39 years: want to establish good relationship w/ people around them. don't want to be "socially isolated" ; follow what others are doing.
In Banyumas, a 57 years old man were arrested and fined for rejecting the victim's burial procedures
40 - 65 years: want to create "changes" and feel contributive to the society.
lack of information or denial of existing data may result in adopting a behavior that they feel are the best although not necessarily so. they may believe that by rejecting the burial = prevent spread of COVID-19 = feel satisfied and accomplished they have "contribute"
There is no "for sure" answer to who these group of people are - news report them as "warga" or "masyarakat".
Intervention
Social Psychology Perspective
Community-based socialisation regarding the burial procedure of COVID-19 corpses
through Ibu-Ibu PKK/ Karang Taruna
The use of mass media to educate the community
social advertising services fromthe government and/or health sector
Persuasive communication through public figure
through religious leaders/ Ketua RT/RW
Punishment or penalties
police/army to secure the situation
Developmental Psychology Perspective
Promoting awareness through people with authorities (Public figure)
Encourage acceptance
Involve health professionals in monitoring the health of survivors
Giving a sense of safety that the community are being taken care of.
Social Support Group
Support group from other relatives to get through the bereavement an rejection, so that they wont feel alone
The use of media platform
Monitoring information spread of COVID19
Encouraging influencers or celebrities to help spreading valid facts regarding COVID19
Shaping public attitude
Minding language use and content for public consumption
Giving valid and reliable source of information
Advance Care Planning for Eldrely
Encourage senior members of the society to keep their health in check to prevent fear.
Parenting Style
Strengthening parental style:
Sharing valid and positive information to avoid hoax