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Clostridial Infections: Neurotoxic - Coggle Diagram
Clostridial Infections: Neurotoxic
characteristics
ubiquitous
widely distributed in
soil
intestines
feces
normal commensals
endospores
survival advantage
resist drying, heating, irradiation, disinfectants
killed by autocalving at 15min
large gram + rods
anaerobic
pathogeneic
Clostrodia
neurotoxic
types
C. botulinum
neurotoxin characteristics
acts peripherally
inhibits ACh
flaccid paralysis
toxins hydrolyze docking proteins required by neurotransmitter vesicle
blocks release of neurotransmitter
mostly affects
ruminants
horses
mink
poultry
waterbirds
pathogenesis
ingestion of preformed toxin
toxin released by dividing bacteria
toxin absorbed in GI tract
toxin spreads via blood, lymph
can lead to respiratory paralysis
clinical signs
4-36h after ingestion
flaccid mm paralysis
progressive weakness
limberneck in waterbirds
transmission
contaminaed feed
contaminated water
all species at risk
diagnosis
flaccid paralysis
ID of toxin in sera
no characteristic lesions
demonstrate toxin in tissue
neutralization
PCR
mass spec
treatment/control
immeadiate stomach purge
antitoxin
proper carcass disposal
provide high quality food
toxoid vaccination
rare
move affected waterbirds to dry ground
a-g subtypes, complicating vaccination
C. tetani
neurotoxin characteristics
acts centrally
inihibits neurotransmitter release
spastic paralysis
disease
spores introduced to traumatized tissue
high mortality rate (50%) in unvaccinated mammal populations
anaerobic
drumstick appearance spores
epidemiology
naturally occuring in soil
not spread from animal to animal
clinical signs
5d-3w post-infection
stiffness
diffculty chewing
respiratory arrest
in horses
protrusion of 3rd eyelid
erect ears
stiff tail
sawhorse posture
recovery takes weeks to months
diagnosis
no gross lesions
signs
history of trauma
anaerobic cuture rarely successful
toxin detection
PCR
ELISA
poor sensitivity
treatment/control
inactivated toxoid vaccine
passive protection with antitoxin
binds up unbound toxin
plus antibiotics to prevent further bacterial growth
clean and potentially debride wounds immediately
produces most potent neurotoxins known
varying suceptiility across species
turtles unaffected
dogs/cats/chickens affected
humans, horses severely affected
histotoxic
enterotoxic
atypical
pili forming