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tissues and primary growth of stems, occurs together as, absorbs water…
tissues and primary growth of stems
Basic types of Cells and Tissues
collenchyma
Thick wall
exhibit plasticity
provide support tp plant
photosynthesis occur
if chlorophyll present
present in
elongating shoot tips
sclerenchyma
#
types
conducting sclerenchyma
#
vessel elements
short and wide
1 or 2 perforation
perpendicular end wall
tracheids
long and narrow
no perforations
tapered ends
mechanical sclerenchyma
fibers
long
most dead
involve in storage
sclereid
short
isodiametric
dead at maturity
feature
dead cells
highly thick wall
elastic
provides
rigidity
flexibility
mechanical support
parenchyma
#
features
most common
active metabolically
only have primary wall
parenchyma tissue
mass of parenchyma cell
most common
store food
subtypes
chlorenchyma cells
involved in photosynthesis
numerous chloroplasts
thin walls
allow light and CO2
pass through chloroplast
for flower petals and fruit
permits the pigment in protoplasm
to be seen
Glandular cells
secretes
nectar
fragnances
mucilage
resins
oils
few chloroplast
elevated amount of
dictyosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
transports large quantity of
sugars and minerals into themselves
transform them metabolically
and then
transport the product out
Transfer cell
mediate short distance transport
increase their surface area
External organization of stems
basic stem organization
nodes
where leaves are attached
internodes
region between nodes
leaf axil
point leaf attached
axillary bud
within leaf axil
miniature shoot
dormant apical meristem
covered by
bud scales
proctects delicate organs
teriminal bud
at the tip
arrangement of leaves
phyllotaxy
important in
positioning leaves
alternate
one per node
spiral
not aligned
with their nearest neighbors
opposite
2 per node
whorled
3 or more per node
decussate
located in 4 rows
distichous
located in 2 rows only
internal organization of stems
Vascular Tissues
types
xylem
#
conducts
water and minerals
types conducting cells
phloem
distributes
sugar and minerals
types
sieve cells
sieve tube
Cortex
interior to epidermis
composed of
photosynthetic parenchyma
sometimes
collenchyma
fits together compactly
Epidermis
outermost surface
barrier against
invasion of bacteria and fungi
shields
internal cells
from abrasion by
dust particle
passing animals
leaves & stem rubbing together
protects from
overheating
made of
outer layer
cutin
cuticle
guard cells
stomamatal hole
#
trichomes/hairs
makes difficult for animals
land on
leaf
walk on
chew on
Stem growth and differentiation
apical meristem
cells divide by
mitisis and cytokinesis
producing
progenitor cells
subapical meristem
region below apical meristem
cells are dividing and growing
producing cells
protoxylem
first xylem to appear
metaxylem
largest tracheary element
protophloem
metaphloem
Ground meristem
Pith
interfasucular cambium
#
cortex
cork cambium
provascular tissue
primary xylem
fasicular cambium
vascular cambium
secondary xylem
secondary phloem
cork cambium
promary phloem
protoderm
epidermis
cork cambium
cork
phelloderm
plant body
Primary
derived from
shoot and apical meristem
composed of
primary tissues
Scondary
derives from
meristem and other apical meristem
composed of
secondary tissue
wood and bark
occurs together as
vascular bundle
collateral
arranged in
pith
contains
primary xylem
primary phloem
absorbs water powerfully
epidermis is single layer of living parenchyma cell
together constitute a stoma
