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Dynamic Landscapes - Coggle Diagram
Dynamic Landscapes
Geology
Metamorphic
Metamorphism takes place under these conditions, converting previously existing rocks into metamorphic rocks
They are hard rocks (e.g - marble, quartzite)
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Sedimentary
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They are soft rocks (e.g - chalk, limestone, sandstone)
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Igneous
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Intrusive/plutonic rocks are formed in the mantle, extrusive rocks are cooled on the surface
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They are hard rocks (e.g - andesite, granite, diorite, basalt)
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The rock cycle
Sediment is compacted creating sedimentary rock which can then be put under heat and pressure to create metamorphic rock
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It is either broken down to make sediment or put under pressure, creating metamorphic rocks
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Distribution
In the UK, northern and western areas are made up of harder rocks whereas the southern and eastern areas are made up of sedimentary rock. This distribution is caused by previous glaciers moving from high ground too low. (Glaciers melting have also caused elevation in northern ground (and sinking southern ground) due to a release of stress).
Walton on the Naze (cs)
Geology
The Naze Cliffs are made up of red crag above london clay which are both sedimentary rocks, meaning they are highly erodable. As well as this, red crag is permeable to water whilst London clay is not. This causes the formation of a saturated layer of rock making the cliffs vulnerable to slumping.
Climate
Walton experiences, on average, 19 frost days per year which makes cliffs vulnerable to freeze thaw. Prevailing winds in Walton on the Naze are mainly from the south causing longshore drift to the north which creates beaches.
Landforms
Walton on the Naze holds beaches in the south, cliffs, a wave cut platform made of London clay and a spit in the north.
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Management
In 1999 beach nourishment was used in the south. As well as this, a sea wall and rock armour (16,000 tonnes of granite) have been placed on the coast and cliff drainage has been used in the north. One failure is gambions, placed along the coast in 2017 which were split within 2 years of placement
River Tees (cs)
Geology
The upper course is mainly made up of hard, impermeable rock like whinstone whereas the middle and lower courses have soft rocks like limestone and sandstone. This allows for the formation of river landforms such as waterfalls.
Landforms
High Force (UK's largest waterfall (21m high)), 700m gorge, meanders, oxbow lakes and levees near Yarm, floodplains
Climate
Temperatures are cold at the source, due to the high altitude, making rock vulnerable to freeze thaw. Cross Fell receives 2,800mm of rainfall annually which flows into the river, the more rainfall, the more energy causing increased flooding and erosion.
Management
Cow Green Reservoir in the upper course controls the flow of the river. Yarm's flood defence scheme costed £2.1 million and involved hard engineering, improved flood warning systems and created a no build zone near to the river. In the lower course the Tees Barrage, costing £54 million reduces the risk of flooding.
Location
The River Tees is located in the north of England beginning in Cross Fell (mountain in the Pennines) and ending in the North sea near to Middlesbrough
Geomorphic Processes
Erosion
Abrasion - The process of waves hurling broken down rocks at coastline rocks, causing break down of coastline landscapes
Attrition - The process of rocks becoming smoother and rounder through frequent contact with water and other rocks
Hydraulic action - The process of waves creating cracks in the rocks eventually causing the rocks to break down
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Transport
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Deposition - The depositing of boulders/rocks/pebbles/sand on land or on the sea bed due to loss of wave/current energy
Traction - The movement of big rocks and boulders across the sea bed by the force of current or waves
Long shore drift - The movement of material along the shore, occurring when the swash is at an angle and so material is pushed up and across by the swash, brought back down by the backwash and then pushed back up, continuing the cycle
Weathering
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Biological - e.g. - Plant roots growing / animals burrowing into the cliff face, loosening rocks and pushing them apart
Mechanical - The process of rocks breaking down through force, e.g. - water freezing inside rocks and expanding
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Landforms
Rivers
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Meanders - Bends in a river channel caused by erosion from helicoidal flow. Outside bends (Pools) are higher energy areas with more erosion causing the formation of rock cliffs and smooth sea beds, inside bends (Riffles) are the opposite and have slip-off slopes and rocky sea beds
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Waterfalls - A steep fall from a river into a plunge pool. The force of falling water erodes soft rock around the plunge pool causing the hard rock of the river bed to collapse
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Levees - Rivers with large piles of fine sediment on the banks caused by deposition from flooding. Usually causes the river to be elevated above the floodplain
Management methods
Reservoirs - Manmade areas of water (sometimes behind dams) to hold water and prevent flooding from overflow in rivers.
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Coastal
Management methods
Rock armour - The placement of hard igneous/metamorphic rocks (e.g. granite) to absorb the energy of water and prevent erosion
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Sea wall - Reinforcement of cliffs with hard concrete to prevent hydraulic action, abrasion and solution
Wave-cut platform - A long surface between cliffs and sea made up of the breakdown of cliffs caused by erosion
Headlands and bays - Formations caused by discordant landforms where the softer rock is eroded and sediment is deposited on it creating bays whilst hard rock remains off the coast
Spit - An extended stretch of beach, formed when prevailing winds cause longshore drift to occur at an angle
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Marine processes
Waves
Destructive
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Powerful backwash, inhibiting swash
Constructive
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Powerful swash, inhibiting backwash
Rivers
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Lower course - Large and deep sections at lower altitudes on floodplains or deltas near to the mouth of the river
Upper course - The source of rivers at high altitudes usually within valleys containing interlocking spurs, rapids and waterfalls
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Deltas - Areas of land at the mouth of a river in an ocean / lake caused by a rate of deposition faster than the water's rate of transportation
Valleys - V-shaped valley are formed when more vertical erosion takes place creating steep sided rivers. U-shaped valleys are caused by glaciers which previously caused horizontal erosion in a valley.
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