Movement in Georgraphy
URBANIZATION
Migration :
Rural to urban migration – push factors - Rural areas don’t have as many opportunities when it comes to education and careers, and there isn’t as much access to healthcare, which pushes people away from rural areas.
Rural to urban migration- pull factors - Urban areas have lot’s of opportunities for jobs, education, and they have lot’s of other infrastructure benefits which attracts people to move there. These push and pull factors explain why urban areas have become more populated than rural areas.
MOVEMENT:
Arab Spring - Was a movement that spread through cell phones in the Middle East in 2005. It started in Tunisia when a fruit marketer set himself on fire to protest the government. It spread through Algeria, Libya, and Egypt, a democracy movement of people rebelling against dictators. This is a dramatic example of the movement of ideas.
ALL THREE:
Scarcity - Scarcity really has to do with all three. Scarcity is a reason for a country to trade with other countries to get a scarce item, it’s a reason for people to move from rural to urban areas, and it’s a reason for them to move to a different country altogether.
Canada, China, and Mexico - Three of our biggest trade partners. They are an important part of our experience with globalization. Also, immigration is a big part of our relationship with these countries.
MIGRATION
UNHRC - The United Nations Refugee Agency. An agency from the UN that protects refugees all over the world. They set up camps for them and provide help and supplies. Plays an important role in movement of people.
Syria - Syria is where the most refugees are coming from. Syria has suffered from war, and many people were forced to leave their homes because of the violence. This has caused massive waves of migration.
Refugee - A person who has to leave their home due to anything from political corruption and violence, to a natural disaster. A refugee also has rights to seek refuge, stick with their family, and to not be turned away. Countries hosting refugees have a responsibility to help. This is a huge cause of migration, and also affect globalization.
Immigration is a huge part of movement of people, and has sparked many debates in countries.
Immigrant - A migrant is a person who goes to another country for reasons other than what causes a refugee to flee. Their home may not be in danger, they just move to another place.
This is important to know because it has to do with movement of people and can also impact urbanization.
Documented Immigrant - A documented immigrant is a person who immigrated legally to a place, but is not a citizen.
Undocumented Immigrant - An undocumented immigrant is a person who immigrated to a place without using the official channels.
Asylum - The protection a country provides to someone forcibly displaced.
Asylum also has to do with urbanization, because often urban areas have better infrastructure to provide asylum.
TRADE & GLOBALIZATION
Comparative advantage - A comparative advantage is when some place has better resources and means to make something than another place does. For example, the Ivory Coast has a comparative advantage at growing cocoa beans because of their climate. Comparative advantages cause places to specialize in that product.
Container ship - a container ship is a big part of trade, because it’s an effective way of transporting goods. They can carry huge amounts of materials and get to ports all over the world.
Commodity - A commodity is a raw material or good. These are essential when it comes to making products to trade with.
Fair trade - Fair trade is a type of trade that makes sure no one involved in the trade is exploited. Fair trade gives more to the original workers who harvest the commodity or manufacture the item rather than the companies who organize the trade. This is better because those workers are the one’s doing the hard work and normally don’t get credit for it.
Carrying capacity - carrying capacity is how much goods a container ship can hold. This affects how much we can trade at one time. Many container ships have huge carrying capacities.
Global supply chain - Global supply chain is where a product is made in several places. A good example is a movie that has to be filmed one place, edited another, and is shown all over.
capital/investment - a capital investment is when a company does business in another country. It’s another thing that’s often traded.
Goods - Goods are tangible items like clothing, technology, and foods that are traded among countries.
Balance of trade - Balance of trade equals exports minus imports. To have a positive balance is ideal because it means you’re making more money by exporting than you are spending by importing.
Specialization - Specialization is when a country specializes in making and trading something that they are good at, and have a comparative advantage at.
Trade - trade is the exchange of goods, services and capital investments between countries.
Choke point - a chokepoint usually refers to a narrow passage or straight that clogs ships. These points are usually at canals, where lot’s of container ships are channeled into one spot. This can also affect migration, if lot’s of people are at a refugee camp, it can lead to choke points.
Globalization - Globalization is how people and countries of the world interact. Trade is a large example of globalization, and so is migration.
Services - Services are something that we trade that aren’t tangible like goods. For example, a country sending medical aid to another could be a trade of services. The U.S. deals more in service trading than in good trading.
Exports - Exports are stuff we sell in other places
Imports - Imports are stuff we get from other places. Most imports go to urban areas, which can also affect migration by providing more incentive to move to urban places.
Per capita - means per person, which can refer to trade or urban areas and infrastructure.
Rural - Rural is the opposite of urban. It’s the country, where little towns are sparsely populated. It’s important to understand this to understand movement of people.
Urban - Urban means a city, or a place where the economy, politics, and culture is generally centered. It’s important to know what urban means because it’s playing a big part in movement of people as populations are growing in urban areas.
Suburban - Suburban areas are the places outside the business districts of cities where the people live. These residential areas are important, because they grow and change a lot as the urban population grows.
Megacity - A megacity, by definition, is a city with more than 10 million people. New York City is a prime example of a megacity. Megacities are important to a country's economy usually because megacities are usually primate cities too.
Vancouver - Vancouver is an important example of gentrification because the government there made the DTES more expensive. That had some good effects: it boosted the economy, but it also had some negative effects: It forced people who couldn’t afford the new housing to move out, even though they had lived there their whole lives. This is a big part of urbanization, and how it may be affecting people in different ways.
Infrastructure - Infrastructure is how a city is organized. Infrastructure includes power grids, sewer systems, public transport, etc. Everything that supports the city’s residents and keeps it running. This is important to know because as urban populations grow, a big problem has been figuring out how to change the infrastructure to support all these people. As urban areas grow, infrastructure is now supporting whole countries because these cities are important hubs.
Favela - A favela is like a city within a city. In Brazil, specifically Rio de Janeiro, favela’s result from a lack of government attention. The people, usually poorer people, are left to fend for themselves, so they rise up and create their own communities with neighborhoods, business districts and everything.
Gentrification - Gentrification is the process of spending money to increase the value and appeal of an area. Normally done by a city in “undesirable” places to live. Gentrification is a big part of urban areas, can have both a positive and negative effect, and affects movement of people.
Primate city - A primate city is the city in a country whose population is at least twice that of the 2nd largest city in that country. It’s a huge part of the political, cultural, and economic aspects of that country, which means the country relies on it functioning smoothly.
Winners from globalization - Winners from globalization are developed countries such as China. They are able to trade in many goods and services, which plays into how the rich-get-richer sense of society.
Losers from globalization - Losers from globalization are generally countries with weaker economies. Developing countries. They aren’t able to trade as much as richer countries, so they’re kinda left out of the game. This explains why the rich get richer, and the poor stay poor.
Brain drain - Brain drain is what rural areas suffer from as more people leave to go to urban areas. More educated and ambitious people go to cities to find more opportunities, which leave the rural areas in sore need of businesses and more outgoing people.