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Buddhism + Local Religions, Theme: The mutual accommodation of native and…
Buddhism + Local Religions
Northern Dynasties (North China, 386 - 534 CE)
The Five Hu
raising of livestock was a fundamental part of the lifestyle
typically ranchers rather than Chinese-style farmers
Sixteen Kingdoms
relatively large, multiethnic, military-conquest regimes ruled by men claiming the Chinese title "emperor"
typically organized around identifiably non-Chinese tribal armies
trade and commerce ground to a virtual halt in the north
by about 439, the Northern Wei had completed the conquest and reunification of North China
Equitable Fields system
Northern Wei
generally more rigorous in exerting control over Buddhism than the Southern dynasties
Gao Huan (496 - 547)
Southern Dynasties (South China, 317 - 589 CE)
an eighth of the entire northern Chinese pop. may have fled to the relative shelter and stability of the South.
Eastern Jin Dynasty (317 - 420)
settled in the lower Yangzi River Valley
economically flourishing, but politically and militarily weak, Southern dynasties
watery terrain provided a degree of natural protection against northern Hu cavalry
produced an astonishing cultural efflorescence in the arts
growing availability and variety of books
economy was increasingly privatized and commercialized
philosophical sophistication and ability to engage in elegant conversation of certain distinguished fourth-century monks had helped Buddhism respectable
Buddhism
the world's first great missionary religion
Buddha
was born in the vicinity of present-day Nepal around the sixth century BCE
The Four Noble Truths of Buddhism
1st - life is suffering
2nd - the cause of our suffering is our attachment to the things of this world
3rd - the way to end our suffering is to break those attatchments and desires
final - follow the Eightfold path of proper living
Mahayama (Greater Vehicle) Buddhism
tradition that promises universal salvation, in which the Buddha and Bodhisattvas have come to be worshipped as deities and rebirth, in paradise is often seen as a more immediate goal than an end to reincarnation in nirvana.
Xuangzhang (ca. 596 - 664)
A chinese buddhist monk who traveled between China and India
Great translator (1335 volumes)
Chan (Zen)
rejects claims from scriptual authority and embraces many different practices
The Zen Lineage
Five Mountain System
Rinka monasteries
Nara Buddhism
philosophical features
dialects of negation
the doctrine of the attainment of enlightenment
the metaphysics of the harmonious whale
sutras
the sutra of past and present, cause and effect
the sutra of the golden light
the sutra of the human kings
the kegon of flower garland sutra
Enryakuji
a Buddhist monastery on Mt. Hiei
Korea
Three Kingdoms
Koguryo
the first of the communities in Korea to form a politically organized territorial kingdom
Xianbei states served communication between China and northern Korea
in 372, established an academy for the study of the Chinese Classics
in 373, promulgated its first Chinese law codes
stone burial chambers w/painted murals tombs
Tuoba Xianbei ruled over Koguryo
Paekche
founded by a son of the founder of Koguryo
the Paekche ruler had been invested w/Chinese titles as "General Garrisoning of the East" and "King of Paekche"
important ties w/the newly emerging state in Japan
arched brick chambers tombs
Silla
developed out a community called Saro in the Chinhan region of Southeastern Korea
in 520, promulgated its first Chinese-style law codes
around 535, opposition to Buddhism was overcame, and was officially endorsed
in 545, began the compilation of a written history of the kingdom
wooden coffins piled over w/stone tombs
Theme: The mutual accommodation of native and foreign believing systems