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Chinese Political Institution, Theme: The Great Unity and building a…
Chinese Political Institution
The Han Empire (202 BCE - 220 CE)
Liu Bang (d. 195 BCE)
important rebel leader
restored Qin-style centralized administration throughout the empire
captured the Qin capital, putting an end to the Qin Dynasty
made King of Han in the Han River valley
Han Gaozu
led a huge military force against the nomadic tribes to the North
the nomadic tribes had unified into their first imperial confederation, the Xiongnu
early Han Dynasty had a conscript or draft army
Wudi (Emperor Wu, the "Martial Emperor")
took the throne in 141 BCE
developed a strategy for outflanking the Xiongngu
his aggressive military campaigns put a severe strain on the Han economy
in 136 BCE, he assigned a master to teach each of the Five Classics
used traditional Legalist methods
brought the Xinjiang (East Turkistan) into the empire as a part of the offense against the Xiongnu nomadic empire
officially defined Confucian canon in 136 BCE and established an imperial academy in 124 BCE
established an imperial ruling system
Dong Zhongshu (179 - 104 BCE)
articulated a vision of an omnipotent but disciplined sovereign, who sought to align the population w/the norms of Heaven and Earth, based on the advice and the counsel of scholars-officials versed in the classical traditions of antiquity
sought to develop a rationale and a model of rulership appropriate to the new circumstances of the unified state
ended state support for the teaching of non-Confucian texts and to establish a text-based ideology in the first Confucian canon
The Luxuriant Gems of the Spring and Autumn Annals
a collection of materials authored by Dong Zhongshu
he held that Confucius Six Teachings provided the basis for ordering all aspects of human existence
formulated doctrines and bought about the establishment of institutions that had a profound influence on later ages
History of the Former Han
Confucianism promoted a kind of autocratic imperial minimalism
The Han eventually fell
growing problem of economic polarization
the central govt. tax base was reduced
in 184 CE, the revolt of the Yellow Turbans, erupted
a broadening of intellectual interest in questions of cosmology and the natural order, accompanied by a conviction of the soft expressed in the Mean
Confucianism
talks a great deal about this duty of the govt. to transform or bring to completion the nature of the people
Civil Service Exams
assured a dominant position for scholars in the civil bureaucracy
started in the Sui dynasty
policy of frugality and laissez-faire
Equalization and Standardization
a system in govt. monopolies in iron, salt, liquor, and coinage of money, offic3es to engage in govt. trading
Three Kingdoms
Cao Cao (155 - 220)
Wei Dynasty in the North
Wu Empire in the Southwest
Nanjing (Nanking) in the Yangzi River
Shu-han in the Southwest
Romance of the Three Kingdoms
a fictionalized retelling of this period
an age of notable awakening in thought and literature, and of individualism
Books
Mysterious Learning
Laozi
Zhuangzi
Book of Changes
In 265, it was usurped by one of its own generals, who founded a dynasty called the Western Jin (265 - 316)
Western Jin successfully completed the unification of the other Three Kingdoms
Prince Shotoku
served as a "reagent" during much of the reign of his aunt, Empress Suiko
showed deep interest in the religion and appears to have been well read in Confucian literature
building of new temples, the adoption of Chinese court ceremonial in the form of cap ranks, the sending of embassies to China, and the first project to write an official history of Japan
The Seventeen-article Constitution
a key document in the process of state building
exhorts people to lay aside partisan differences and accept imperial rule in order to achieve social harmony
The Lotus Sutra
Confucianism and Buddhism as official ideology
promoted the idea that Japanese Tenon was "the Child of Heaven in the Land of the Rising Sun"
Theme: The Great Unity and building a unified, centralized, bureaucratic state