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Unit 1 global - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Tang dynasty (Not durirng this time period however talked about heavily in the unit.
        
        Government
        
        China had a strong central government to promote peace and trade; officials did a good job at obtaining their position
        
        economical
        
        promoted agricultural development and improved roads and canals which lead to many advancements under the song dynasty.
        
        Grand Canal - An inexpensive and efficient internal waterway transportation system that extended over 30,000 miles.
        
        Improved roads lead to esier trade routes
        
        Silk road
        
        promotion of agriculture lead to the ability to feed more people so the population of china doubled which lead to the economic power of china to grow
        
        Champa rice- a fast ripening and drought- resistant strain of rice from the Champa kingdom in present day Vietnam
        
        social
        
        People lived in rural areas and were farmers mainly
        
        Tributary system- An arrangement in which other states had to pay money or provide goods to honor the Chinese emperor.
        
        Kowtow- A ritual in which anyone greeting the Chinese emperor must bow his/her head until it reached the floor
        
        Religious
        
        Buddhism posed a problem for the Tang Dynasty, they grew jealous of it
        
        Buddhism flourished in the Tang and Song Dynasties along with religious Daoism and a revival of Neo- Confucianism thinking
        
        heavily confucius focuesed dynasty
        
        Neo-confucianism- -Evolved in China between 770 and 840
        -focused on social and ethical philosophy, NOT religious belief
      - Song dynasty
        
        Government
        
        imperial bureaucracy-an organization that carried out the emperors policies, they essentially upheld the law as the ruler wanted
        
        The number of positions in the bureaucracy increased, they made efforts to expand educational opportunities for young men so they could find people to become apart of the bureaucracy
        
        The bureaucracy went from enforcing laws to selecting people to be in higher social classes based off of their ability in school
        
        religion
        
        The song dynasty used confucianism and the ideas of the filial piety so that the males and the ruler could continue to have their needs fulfilled
        
        Buddhism began to emerge in china, it came via the silk road
        
        3 main types of buddhism- Theravada, Mahayana, and Tibetan- all had the 3 main routes to enlightenment in common
        
        Zen Buddhism Buddhist doctrines combined with elements of Daoist traditions to create the syncretic, or fused, faith Chan Buddhism
        
        Buddhism flourished in the Tang and Song Dynasties along with religious Daoism and a revival of Neo- Confucianism thinking
        
        social
        
        People began to live in urban areas
        
        Hierarchy list most to least powerful- upper class, new money, middle class, working class, working poor, poverty level
        
        scholar gentry-A new social class that the Bureaucratic expansion created; soon outnumbered the aristocracy; educated in Confucian philosophy
        
        Patrarchal dominated- women did a lot of heavy work, had lots of children and were often ill
        
        Reading and poetry lead to intellectual pursuits to thrive during the song dynasty
        
        Tributary systems- An arrangement in which other states had to pay money or provide goods to honor the Chinese emperor.
        
        Showed China's power over surrounding coutries
        
        Kowtow- A ritual in which anyone greeting the Chinese emperor must bow his/her head until it reached the floor
        
        Foot binding- Became common among aristocratic families during the Song Dynasty ; girls had their feet wrapped so tightly that the bones didn’t grow naturally ; was banned in 1912
        
        Sinification- -Spread of Chinese culture
        -The assimilation of Chinese traditions and practices
        
        Spread to other countries such as Korea, Japan, and Vietnam
        
        Economical
        
        Trade increased throughout this time due to other previous innovations
  - - - 3 Major types of religion are Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
        
        Islams lived in harmony due to their toleration with Judaism and Christianity, this allowed for trade to grow
    - - Nasiral-Din al-Tusi ; one of the most celebrated scholars who contributed to astronomy, law, logic, ethics, mathematics,philosophy, and medicine
        
        Expansion of Islamic Empire
        
        Merchants were more prestigious in Islam compared to other societies, Muhammad had been a merchant and so was his first wife, with the trade on Silk Roads, merchants could become rich for their work across the Indian Ocean and Central asia, some merchants were sent out as missionaries
        
        In the military the Caliph’s soldiers were not allowed to own territory they conquered, presence of stable military force that hept order but didn’t own property enabled life for most people of countryside to remain unchanged
        
        Sufis emphasized on soul searching to grasp truths that they believed could not be understood through learning, may have begun as a mystical response to the perceived love on luxury by the early Umayyad caliphate, they adapted to local cultures and traditions
        
        Islam spread to Western Europe by conquest but when they started losing battles it stopped spreading there
      - Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) ; well known for his historical accounts and studied the methods of historians
      - A'ishah al-Ba'uniyyah ; A mystical poet, prolific female muslim writer, best known for long poem called “clear inspiration”, a lot of her work describes her journey towards illumination
        
        social
        
        Egypt had recruited slaves
        
        Invasions and trade shifts
    - - trade patterns began changing
        
        Baghdad lost its traditional place on the Southern Silk Route, lost population, its canals fell into disrepair, and Baghdad fell into despair after agriculture went down
    - - Led to many forms of art such as ceramics, metalwork, textiles, illuminated manuscripts, woodwork, and calligraphy
- - - - Mississippians society had rigid class structure
      - Missisppians had a chief called "Great Sun" who ruled each town
      - Government and Society - women farmed, men hunted, slaves were at the bottom, upper class of priests and nobles, and lower class of farmers and merchants
      - Had a matrilineal society where social standing was determined by the woman's side of the family.
      - Chaco and Mesa Verde became well known for their innovations
      - Main form of Mayan government was city state, where each ruled by a king and consisting of a city and its surrounding territory
    - - Tribal leader, Pachacuti, focused on consolidating and managing the many lands conquered by his predecessors
      - Incan Empire was split into four provinces, each with its own governor and bureaucracy
      - Conquered people were subject to the mita system, where they didn't have to pay tribute
      - Religion - Temple of the Sun formed the core of Inca religion
        
        Animism, belief that elements of world could have supernatural powers
      - Gods controlled all things, and priests could determine the gods will
      - Inca developed the quipu, numerical information for trade and recorded messages throughout empire
      - Achievements
      - Terrace systems for the cultivation of crops
      - Built the Carpa Nan, a massive roadway system with 25,000 miles of roads; mainly used by government and military
  - - - Southern was more stable than Northern
- - - - Relied on Trans-Saharan trade in order to cintact people outside of the region
    - - Indian Ocean slave trade-Strong demand in Middle East for enslaved workers
    - - Government-ruled by a hereditary monarchy of Shona elite
      - Economy-Built its prosperity on a mixture of agriculture, grazing trade, and gold. Had rich gold field and taxes on transport of gold made kingdom wealthy, traded with swahili city states in east Africa
    - - By telling stories Griots preserved a person's history from one generation to the next
    - - Communities governed themselves, a chief handled conflicts and managed neighboring groups, groups became districts, and those groups of chiefs decided on their own how to solve a sisticts problem. Kin based networks then became harder to govern
    - - Government- King ruled a centralized government with help from nobles, warms with neighbors weeked state
      - Economy-ghana’s rulers sold ivory and gold to muslim traders in exchange for tools cloth copper and salt
    - - Government-The government of the Mali Empire was led by the emperor who was called the Mansa. The empire was then divided up into provinces that were each led by a governor called a ferba.
      - Economy-Most powerful, sundiata used his connections with others of his faith to establish trade connections with north african and arab merchants, cultivated a thriving gold trade in Malin
    - - Government-Religion based government that converted from christianity to Islam in the 12th century. New leaders in this region ordered the building of eleven hue churches made out of rock, people combined traditional faith traditions to make a unique form of faith
    - - Domestic- Slaves served as cooks, cleaners, or other household workers
      - Debt bondage- People became slaves through a mutual agreement to help repay debt
      - Chattel-Slaves were lega property of their owner
    - - Music, visual arts, and literature all provided enjoyment and marked rituals such as weddings and funerals. Ancestor veneration was also very significant
  - - - Government- decentralized, Used it based on system of exchanges of land for loyalty known as feudalism, due to loyalty sanctions cut down on losses to robbers, provided equipment for fighters and entire system was based on agriculture and wealth
        
        Feudalism-Used during the middle ages, a system of exchanges of land for loyalty; core o this was a system of mutual obligations
        
        Monarch-Usually a king, granted tracts of land fiefs to lords, in return for granting the land to the lord, lord became a king’s vassal
        
        Lords-Provided land to knights and became vassals of the lord; provided land to protect peasants
        
        Peasants-Had to obey lord’s orders because the lord provided them with land and protection; had to farm lord’s land to provide with livestock and crops
        
        Manorial system-Provided both economic self sufficiency and defense, similar to feudalism in the way that serfs give their lords a tribute in exchange for protection but the manorial system doesn’t involve as many societal classes as feudalism does
        
        Serfs-Peasants who lived on manor grounds; not slaves but tied to the land which meant they couldn’t travel without permission from their lords, couldn’t marry without their lord’s approval
        
        Bureaucracy of France- King philip ll was first to develop real bureaucracy but wasn’t until philip lV that the first estates general met; french kings consulted with estates general when necessary; estates general had little power
        
        Holy Roman Empire- Had a secular leader that could invest in bishops with symbols of office then the church obtained autonomy from secular authorities. Decline happened when it was virtually destroyed during Thirty Years’ War and then when Napoleon invaded it in 1806
        
        Norman England-William the conqueror invaded england giving him kingdoms on both sides of english channel, in 1265 the first english parliament was created which innovations increased rights of the english nobility, elected representatives of wealthy townspeople
      - Religion
        
        Christianity
        
        Roman Catholic-
        
        Education an art- Most artwork was centered around religious themes as it was a way to educate the illiterate peasant classes about the Bible
        
        Church and state-Held a lot of power within the feudal system, had large hierarchy of regional leaders and they were the bishops and owned allegiance to the pope
        
        Monasticism- Some Christian clergy withdrew to monasteries to mediate and pray but they remained a piece of the economics in Western Europe
        
        Reform-Clergy took vows of poverty and supported charities in their communities, clergy also wielded considerable political influence and some monasteries became fairly wealthy
        
        Orthodox
      - Economy
        
        Agriculture
        
        The three field system, windmills and heavier lows with wheels all allowed agriculture to grow
        
        Marco Polo's customs intrigued Europeans; he wrote a history causing curiosity about Asia which led to stimulating interest in cartography/ map making which lead to trading.
        
        Middle class-Included shopkeepers, merchants, craftspeople, and small landowners. Took shape as europe joined Byzantine empire and muslim nations exchanged money and goods.
        
        Population growth leading to urban growth- The surplus of people encouraged the growth of towns and of markets that were able to operate more frequently than just on holidays. The little ice age caused a climate change and also led to an increase in disease and unemployment
      - Social
        
        Social setbacks for minority groups
        
        Jewish setbacks-Antisemitism was common among Christians because they thought of Jews as untrustworthy so jews were expelled from England in 1290 (ex. France in 1394, spain in 1492 expelled jews often moved to eastern europe).
        
        Muslim setbacks-Muslims who didn’t convert to Christianity in Spain were expelled in 1492 from Spain
        
        Set backs for women- Barely any women received education
      - Renaissance-Interest in literature, art, culture, and civic virtue shot up. Scholars recovered and studied decaying manuscripts that had been written many centuries earlier.Humanists sought education and reform, began to write secular literature.