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Psychology (module 1), brain map, critical thinking questions (module 1),…
Psychology (module 1)
sensation/perception
sensation
process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment and transforming those energies into neural energy
perception
process of organizing and interpreting sensory information so that it makes sense
bottom-up processing
operation in sensation and perception in which sensory receptors register info about the external environment and send it up to the brain for interpretation
top-down processing
operation in sensation and perception launched by cognitive processing at the brains higher levels, that allows the organism to sense what is happening and to apply that framework to info from the world.
Weber's Law
principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) to be received as different.
subliminal perception
detection of information below the level of conscious awareness
absolute threshold
minimum amount of stimuli energy that a person can detect
difference threshold
degree or difference that must exist between two stimuli before the difference is detected
parallel processing
the simultaneous distribution of information across different neural pathways
opponent process theory
theory stating that cells in the visual system respond to complementary pairs of red-green and blue-yellow colors. A given cell might be excited by a red and inhibited by green, whereas another call might be excited by yellow and inhabited by blue
Gesalt psychology
school of thought interested in how people naturally organize their perceptions according to certain patterns.
binocular cues
depth cues that depend on the combination of the images in the left and right eyes and on the way the two eyes work together
monocular clues
powerful depth cues available from the image in one eye, either the right or left
brain chemicals
neurotransmitter
chemical stored in small sacs within terminal buttons and transmits information across a synaptic gap to the next neuron
acetylcholine
stimulates neuron firing and involved in muscle action, learning, and memory
GABA
inhibits many neurons from firing, controls signals
glutamate
involved in learning and memory. glutamate is a factor in anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, Alzheimers disease, and Parkinsons. too much glutamate results in migraines or seizures.
norepinephrine
released by stress, inhibits neuron firing. it "excites" the heart muscles, intestines, and urogenital tract. too much results in agitation and jumpiness. too little results in depression
dopamine
controls voluntary movement. affects sleep, mood, attention, learning, and opportunity for reward. too little results in Parkinson's. too much results in schizophrenia
serotonin
regulates sleep, mood, attention, and learning. too little results in depression
endorphins
natural opiates that stimulate firing of neurons. they shield the body from pain and elevate pleasure
oxytocin
hormone and neurotransmitter (love and social bonding)
States of consciousness
Stream of consciousness
term used by William James to describe the mind as a continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings
Circadian rhythms
The circadian rhythm is a cycle that tells our bodies when to sleep, rise, eat- regulating many physiological processes
Sleep Stages 1-4
stage 1: light sleep/theta waves
stage 2: deeper sleep/sleep spindles
stage 3&4: deep sleep/delta waves
Sleep Disorders
insomnia
habitual sleeplessness; inability to sleep
sleep walking
walk around and sometimes perform other actions while asleep
sleep talking
talking while asleep and being unaware of it
nightmare
frightening or unpleasant dream
night terror
feeling of great fear experienced suddenly
narcolepsy
condition characterized by an extreme tendency to fall asleep whenever in relaxing surroundings
sleep apnea
persons breathing is interrupted during sleep
Activation-Synthesis Theory
Neurobiological theory of dreams
hypnosis
induction of a state of consciousness, loses power of voluntary action
REM
stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movement
RBD
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder: when muscle paralysis during sleep doesn't occur, resulting in high levels of physical movement during sleep
systems
peripheral nervous system
network of nerves that connect the brain to the spinal cord to other body parts
somatic nervous system
consists of sensory nerves whose function are to convert information from skin to muscles to the central nervous system about pain, temperature, etc
autonomic nervous system
takes messages to and from the body internal organs. monitors heart rate, digestion, and breathing
sympathetic nervous system
arouses the body to mobilize for action and releases hormones involved with stress
parasympathetic nervous system
part of the autonomic system, it calms the body down
limbic system
a loosely connected network of structures, consistent with memory and emotion
endocrine system
regulates specific organs by releasing chemical products into the bloodstream
relevant theorists
William James
functionalism
stream of consciousness
Sigmund Freud
psychoanalytic
psychodynamic approach
Calvin Springer Hall jr
Cognitive theory of dreaming
John Allan Hobson
Activation-Synthesis Theory
Max Wertheimer
Gesalt
Gesalt psychology
Charles Darwin
evolutionary
Theory of evolution (natural selection)
brain map
forebrain
cerebrum
divided into the left and right hemisphere. the Corpus callosum separates them. the Basal ganglia is located in both hemispheres
left hemisphere recognizes words, numbers, and comprehends syntax and grammar. Contains both Broca's area and Wernicke's area
right hemisphere processes conversation, spatial perception, visual recognition, and emotion
thalamus
relay station
hypothalamus
monitors eating, drinking, sex, emotion, stress, and reward
pituitary gland
controls growth and regulates other glands
cerebral cortex
complex mental functions
temporal lobe
neocortex
processes sensory perception, cognition, motor commands, spatial reasoning, and language
mesial
cognitive and emotional functions.
amygdala
discrimination of objects
hippocampus
decides what memories are worth keeping (NOT storage, a filter)
frontal lobe
motor cortex
information about voluntary movement
prefrontal cortex
cognitive behavior, personality expression, decision making, moderating social behavior
association cortex
site of highest intellectual functions, thinking, and problem-solving
hindbrain
medulla
governs breathing and reflexes
pons
governs sleep and arousal
cerebellum
involved in motor coordination
occipital lobe
primary visual cortex (V1)
processes information about static and moving objects and pattern recognition
secondary visual cortex (V2, areas 18&19)
same function as V1, further processes information
parietal lobe
somatosensory cortex
processes information about body sensations
midbrain
relays information between the forebrain and hindbrain
reticular form occurs here. its a system with a collection of neurons involved in patterns. walking, sleeping, turning to noise
brain stem
hindbrain, midbrain, spinal cord
connects with the spinal cord and extends upward towards to encase the reticular formation in the midbrain
critical thinking questions (module 1)
What are the implications of compromised immune function as a result of exposure to chronic stress?
Corticosteroid (stress hormone) lowers the body's amount of lymphocytes which means the immune system is suppressed, allowing better opportunity for illness.
Color is not a physical property of our environment. What function (if any) do you think color vision serves?
I think the only function for being able to perceive color is for survival, but that would really only be applicable if we were living as Neanderthals. Maybe color served purpose as means to differentiate between poisonous berries and edible ones. I think color is more of a convenience thing, we can all live seeing in grey-scale, it just wouldn't be the most fulfilling life.
The negative health consequences of both alcohol and tobacco products are well-documented. A drug like marijuana, on the other hand, is generally considered to be as safe, if not safer than these legal drugs. Why do you think marijuana use continues to be illegal in many parts of the United States?
It continues to be illegal because of how much money the government makes off of arresting people with drug charges. Another reason is because the government can't measure how much is too much. For example, if you're pulled over for drinking and driving we know the limit is .08 BAC because at this number its proven too dangerous to be driving; however, what tests can measure how high you are? Not only that, but how many tests can measure how high you are AND give you an immediate answer? What if a person has a high tolerance? There are many reasons why marijuana continues to be illegal, but its not actually because its a "drug". It's all about profit.
Freud believed that dreams provide important insight into the unconscious mind. He maintained that a dream’s manifest content could provide clues into an individual’s unconscious. What potential criticisms exist for this particular perspective?
Freud believed we experience dreams to express hidden feelings that our mind deems unacceptable to share. While this theory checks out (mostly) it calls for the first flaw in his theory: nightmares. Freud is saying our dreams are basically composed of things we desire or don't have but wish we did have; however, most people don't actually want to LIVE their nightmares. This can also be applied to a child watching a horror movie, then later having a nightmare about it. It can be argued that the child is just dreaming of the memory or feeling they got while watching the movie. Children don't have complex or deep thought processes the way adults do, so their unconscious mind cannot be expressing suppressed feelings.
Psychology (module 2)
memory
sustained attention
ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time
levels of processing
continuum of memory processing from shallow to intermediate to deep, with deeper processing producing better memory
Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory
states that memory storage involves 3 separate systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
explicit memory
conscious reflection of information, such as specific facts or events and, at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated
episodic memory
retention of information about the where, when, and what of life happenings- that is, how individuals remembers life's episodes
semantic memory
persons knowledge about the world, including his or her areas of expertise; general knowledge such as things learned in school and everyday knowledge
implicit memory
memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience
procedural memory
memory for skills
priming
activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new information better and faster
schema
preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people to organize and interpret information. schemas from prior encounters with the environment influence the way individuals encode, make inferences, and retrieve information
connectionism
theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons, several of which may work together to process a single memory
serial position effect
tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle
autobiographical memory
special form of episodic memory, consisting of a persons recollections of his or her life experiences
proactive interference
situation in which material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material that was learned later
motivated forgetting
forgetting that occurs when something is so painful or anxiety-laden that remembering it is intolerable
interference theory
theory that people forget not because memories are lost from storage, but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember
flashbulb memory
memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events.
retroactive interference
situation in which material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of information that was learned earlier
amnesia
loss of memory
decay theory
theory stating that when an individual learns something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms, but over time this trace disintegrates; suggests that the passage of time always increases forgetting
anterograde amnesia
memory disorder that affects the retention of new information and events
script
schema for an event, often containing information about physical features, people, and typical occurances
retrograde amnesia
memory loss for a segment of the past but not for new events
thinking
artificial intelligence
scientific field that focuses on creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when they are done by people
concepts
mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics
prototype model
model emphasizing that when people evaluate whether a given item reflects a certain concept, they compare the item with the most typical item(s) in that category and look for a "family resemblance" with that item(s) properties
algorithms
strategies including formulas, instructions, and the testing of all possible solutions that guarantee a solution to a problem
heuristic
shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee an answer
fixation
using a prior strategy and failing to look at a problem from a fresh new perspective
functional fixedness
failing to solve a problem as a result of fixation on a things usual functions
inductive reasoning
reasoning from a specific observation to make generalizations
deductive reasoning
reasoning from a general case that is known to be true to a specific instance
confirmation bias
tendency to search for and use information that supports ones idea rather than refutes them
hindsight bias
tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that one has accurately predicted an outcome
availability heuristic
prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining similar events
base rate neglect
tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information
representativeness heuristic
tendency to make judgements about group membership based on physical appearances or the match between a person and ones stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate information
cognition
way in which information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing
learning
preparedness
species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways that others do not
latent learning
un-reinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior
schedules of reinforcement
specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced. the 4 types are fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval
secondary reinforcer
reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organisms experience; A secondary reinforcer is a learned or conditioned reinforcer
primary reinforcer
reinforcer that is innately satisfying; one that does not take any learning on the organisms part to make it pleasurable
negative reinforcement
removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior
positive reinforcement
presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior
operant conditioning
form of association learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behaviors occurance
aversive conditioning
form of treatment that consists of repeating pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus
counter conditioning
classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response
conditioned response
learned response to the condition stimulus that occurs after conditioned stimulus- unconditioned stimulus pairing
conditioned stimulus
previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the conditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned stimulus
stimulus that produces a response without prior learning
classical conditioning
learning process in which s neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response
intelligence
divergent thinking
thinking that produces many solutions to the same problems
convergent thinking
thinking that produces the single best solution to a problem
mental set
framework for thinking about a problem. It can be shaped by habit or by desire. mental sets can make it easy to solve a class or problems, but attachment to the wrong mental set can inhibit problem solving and creativity
validity
the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure
reliability
extent to which a test yields a consistent, reproducible measure of performance
standardization
development of uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test, and the creation of norms for the test
normal distribution
symmetrical, bell-shaped curve with a majority of the scores falling in the middle of the possible range and few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range
culture-fair tests
intelligence tests that are intended to be culturally unbiased
intellectual disability
a condition of limited mental ability that affects an individuals functioning in everyday life
triarchic theory
Sternberg's theory that intelligence comes in 3 forms; analytical, creative, and practical
Howard Gardner
suggests there are 9 types of intelligence, or "frames of mind"; verbal, mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist, and existentialist.
gifted
processing high intelligence and/or superior talent in a particular area
Psychology (module 4)
Personality
analytical psychology
Jung’s theory focusing on the balance of opposing forces within one’s personality and the significance of the collective unconscious
Contemporized-Themes Concerning Blacks Test (C-TCB)
projective test designed to be culturally relevant to African Americans, using images that relate to African-American culture
archetype
pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies
collective unconscious
displacement
ego defense mechanism in which a person transfers inappropriate urges or behaviors toward a more acceptable or less threatening target
Five Factor Model
theory that personality is composed of five factors, including openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
individual psychology
school of psychology proposed by Adler that focuses on our drive to compensate for feelings of inferiority
inferiority complex
refers to a person’s feelings that they lack worth and don’t measure up to others’ or to society’s standards
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
personality test composed of a series of true/false questions in order to establish a clinical profile of an individual
Projective test
personality assessment in which a person responds to ambiguous stimuli, revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires
reciprocal determinism
belief that one’s environment can determine behavior, but at the same time, people can influence the environment with both their thoughts and behaviors
Rorschach Inkblot Test
projective test that employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person’s unconscious desires, fears, and struggles
Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB)
projective test that is similar to a word association test in which a person completes sentences in order to reveal their unconscious desires, fears, and struggles
social-cognitive theory
Bandura’s theory of personality that emphasizes both cognition and learning as sources of individual differences in personality
TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test
projective test designed to be culturally relevant to minority groups, especially Hispanic youths, using images and storytelling that relate to minority culture
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
projective test in which people are presented with ambiguous images, and they then make up stories to go with the images in an effort to uncover their unconscious desires, fears, and struggles
Emotion and Motivation
anorexia nervosa
eating disorder characterized by an individual maintaining body weight that is well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise
basolateral complex
part of the brain with dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain; it is critical for classical conditioning and attaching emotional value to memory
binge eating disorder
type of eating disorder characterized by binge eating and associated distress
bulimia nervosa
type of eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
physiological arousal and emotional experience occur at the same time
cognitive-mediational theory
our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus
extrinsic motivation
motivation that arises from external factors or rewards
hierarchy of needs
spectrum of needs ranging from basic biological needs to social needs to self-actualization
intrinsic motivation
motivation based on internal feelings rather than external rewards
James-Lange theory of emotion
emotions arise from physiological arousal
Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion
emotions consist of two factors: physiological and cognitive
set point theory
assertion that each individual has an ideal body weight, or set point, that is resistant to change
sexual orientation
Yerkes-Dodson law
simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, while complex tasks are best performed when arousal is lower
egos
id
aspect of personality that consists of our most primitive drives or urges, including impulses for hunger, thirst, and sex
superego
aspect of the personality that serves as one’s moral compass, or conscience
ego
aspect of personality that represents the self, or the part of one’s personality that is visible to others
Psychology (module 3)
Lifespan Development
adolescence
period of development that begins at puberty and ends at early adulthood
assimilation
adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known
authoritarian parenting style
parents place a high value on conformity and obedience, are often rigid, and express little warmth to the child
authoritative parenting style
parents give children reasonable demands and consistent limits, express warmth and affection, and listen to the child’s point of view
avoidant attachment
characterized by child’s unresponsiveness to parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care if parent leaves
continuous development
view that development is a cumulative process: gradually improving on existing skills
critical (sensitive) period
time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop
discontinuous development
view that development takes place in unique stages, which happen at specific times or ages
disorganized attachment
characterized by the child’s odd behavior when faced with the parent; type of attachment seen most often with kids that are abused
health care proxy
a legal document that appoints a specific person to make medical decisions for a patient if he or she is unable to speak for him/herself
normative approach
study of development using norms, or average ages, when most children reach specific developmental milestones
permissive parenting style
parents make few demands and rarely use punishment
psychosexual development
process proposed by Freud in which pleasure-seeking urges focus on different erogenous zones of the body as humans move through five stages of life
psychosocial development
characterized by the child’s tendency to show clingy behavior and rejection of the parent when she attempts to interact with the child
secure attachment
characterized by the child using the parent as a secure base from which to explore
secure base
parental presence that gives the infant/toddler a sense of safety as he explores his surroundings
socioemotional selectivity theory
social support/friendships dwindle in number, but remain as close, if not more close than in earlier years
stage of moral reasoning
process proposed by Kohlberg; humans move through three stages of moral development
teratogen
biological, chemical, or physical environmental agent that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus
uninvolved parenting style
parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes referred to as neglectful; they don’t respond to the child’s needs and make relatively few demands
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
sensorimotor stage
first stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; from birth through age 2, a child learns about the world through senses and motor behavior
preoperational stage
second stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; from ages 2 to 7, children learn to use symbols and language but do not understand mental operations and often think illogically
concrete operational stage
third stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; from about 7 to 11 years old, children can think logically about real (concrete) events
formal operational stage
final stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; from age 11 and up, children are able to deal with abstract ideas and hypothetical situations
Psychology (module 5)
Social Psychology
actor-observer bias
phenomenon of explaining other people’s behaviors are due to internal factors and our own behaviors are due to situational forces
altruism
humans’ desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping
Asch effect
group majority influences an individual’s judgment, even when that judgment is inaccurate
bystander effect
situation in which a witness or bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress
central route persuasion
logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument’s worthiness
cognitive dissonance
psychological discomfort that arises from a conflict in a person’s behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs that runs counter to one’s positive self-perception
confirmation bias
seeking out information that supports our stereotypes while ignoring information that is inconsistent with our stereotypes
dispositionism
describes a perspective common to personality psychologists, which asserts that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as personality traits and temperament
foot-in-the-door technique
persuasion of one person by another person, encouraging a person to agree to a small favor, or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item
fundamental attribution error
tendency to overemphasize internal factors as attributions for behavior and underestimate the power of the situation
group polarization
strengthening of the original group attitude after discussing views within the group
just-world hypothesis
ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve
peripheral route persuasion
one person persuades another person; an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues (such as positive emotions and celebrity endorsement) to associate positivity with a message
scapegoating
act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal
self-fulfilling prophecy
treating stereotyped group members according to our biased expectations only to have this treatment influence the individual to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs
social exchange theory
humans act as naïve economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintain a relationship, with the goal to maximize benefits and minimize costs
love
companionate love
type of love consisting of intimacy and commitment, but not passion; associated with close friendships and family relationships
consummate love
type of love occurring when intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present
romantic love
type of love consisting of intimacy and passion, but no commitment
triangular theory of love
model of love based on three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment; several types of love exist, depending on the presence or absence of each of these components
Psychology (module 6)
Disorders
agoraphobia
anxiety disorder characterized by intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape if one experiences symptoms of a panic attack
antisocial personality disorder
characterized by a lack of regard for others’ rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds
anxiety disorder
characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, and by related disturbances in behavior
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
childhood disorder characterized by inattentiveness and/or hyperactive, impulsive behavior
autism spectrum disorder
childhood disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication, and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests
bipolar disorder
mood disorder characterized by mood states that vacillate between depression and mania
body dysmorphic disorder
involves excessive preoccupation with an imagined defect in physical appearance
borderline personality disorder
instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood, as well as impulsivity; key features include intolerance of being alone and fear of abandonment, unstable relationships, unpredictable behavior and moods, and intense and inappropriate anger
depersonalization/derealization disorder
dissociative disorder in which people feel detached from the self (depersonalization), and the world feels artificial and unreal (derealization)
depressive disorder
one of a group of mood disorders in which depression is the defining feature
dissociative amnesia
dissociative disorder characterized by an inability to recall important personal information, usually following an extremely stressful or traumatic experience
dissociative disorders
group of DSM-5 disorders in which the primary feature is that a person becomes dissociated, or split off, from his or her core sense of self, resulting in disturbances in identity and memory
dissociative identity disorder
dissociative disorder (formerly known as multiple personality disorder) in which a person exhibits two or more distinct, well-defined personalities or identities and experiences memory gaps for the time during which another identity emerged
generalized anxiety disorder
characterized by a continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension
hoarding disorder
characterized by persistent difficulty in parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value or usefulness
mood disorder
one of a group of disorders characterized by severe disturbances in mood and emotions; the categories of mood disorders listed in the DSM-5 are bipolar and related disorders and depressive disorders
neurodevelopmental disorder
one of the disorders that are first diagnosed in childhood and involve developmental problems in academic, intellectual, social functioning
obsessive-compulsive disorder
characterized by the tendency to experience intrusive and unwanted thoughts and urges (obsession) and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) in response to the unwanted thoughts and urges
panic disorder
anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behavior related to the attacks
personality disorder
group of DSM-5 disorders characterized by an inflexible and pervasive personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of one’s culture and causes distress and impairment; people with these disorders have a personality style that frequently brings them into conflict with others and disrupts their ability to develop and maintain social relationships
social anxiety disorder
characterized by extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which one could potentially be evaluated negatively by others
Therapy
behavior therapy
therapeutic orientation that employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors
biomedical therapy
treatment that involves medication and/or medical procedures to treat psychological disorders
cognitive therapy
form of psychotherapy that focuses on how a person’s thoughts lead to feelings of distress, with the aim of helping them change these irrational thoughts
cognitive-behavioral therapy
form of psychotherapy that aims to change cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors
couples therapy
two people in an intimate relationship, such as husband and wife, who are having difficulties and are trying to resolve them with therapy
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
type of biomedical therapy that involves using an electrical current to induce seizures in a person to help alleviate the effects of severe depression
exposure therapy
counterconditioning technique in which a therapist seeks to treat a client’s fear or anxiety by presenting the feared object or situation with the idea that the person will eventually get used to it
family therapy
special form of group therapy consisting of one or more families
group therapy
treatment modality in which 5–10 people with the same issue or concern meet together with a trained clinician
humanistic therapy
therapeutic orientation aimed at helping people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves
individual therapy
treatment modality in which the client and clinician meet one-on-one
involuntary treatment
therapy that is mandated by the courts or other systems
nondirective therapy
therapeutic approach in which the therapist does not give advice or provide interpretations but helps the person identify conflicts and understand feelings
play therapy
therapeutic process, often used with children, that employs toys to help them resolve psychological problems
psychotherapy
(also, psychodynamic psychotherapy) psychological treatment that employs various methods to help someone overcome personal problems, or to attain personal growth
rational emotive therapy (RET)
form of cognitive-behavioral therapy
Rogerian (client-centered therapy)
non-directive form of humanistic psychotherapy developed by Carl Rogers that emphasizes unconditional positive regard and self-acceptance
strategic family therapy
therapist guides the therapy sessions and develops treatment plans for each family member for specific problems that can addressed in a short amount of time
structural family therapy
therapist examines and discusses with the family the boundaries and structure of the family: who makes the rules, who sleeps in the bed with whom, how decisions are made, and what are the boundaries within the family
virtual reality exposure therapy
virtual reality exposure therapy