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Growth and Division of the Cell, formed from - Coggle Diagram
Growth and Division of the Cell
Concepts
Cell cycle
life cycle of cell
very common
cell cycle arrest
division stops
differentiation
maturation
cambium
never stop dividing
Growth Phase of the Cell Cycle
Interphase
3 Phases
G1
conducting most of metabolism
synthesis of nucleotides
longest part of cell cycle
S
genes in nucleus replicated
genome
entire complex of genes
chromosome
linear sequence of genes
5-30 in each plant genome
centromere
middle region
telomere
end cap
1/2
chromatid
histones
nuclear proteins
entire chromosome is replicated
endoreduplication
repeated synthesis of nucleus dna
never separates nucleus
occurs in 80% of plant cells
hairs
glandular cells
Gene amplification
only some genes replicated repeatedly
G2
prepares for division
synthesize
alpha tubulin
beta tubulin
spindle microtubules
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pulls chromosomes to poles
Dependent factors
type of cell
type of plant
health
age
temperature
Division Phase of the Cell Cycle
2 processes
karyokinesis
division of nucleus
two types
mitosis
meiosis
cytokinesis
division of cytoplasm
Mitosis
duplication division
Prophase
chromosomes condense
chromosomes now 2-5 micrometers
nucleolus less distinct
nuclear envelope disappear
daughter sets migrate to opp. poles
bc of spindle fibers
attach to kinetochore
2 layers of protein
bound tightly to centromere DNA
attached to spindle microtubules
Metaphase
chromosomes centralize
metaphase plate
separase activated
digests cohesin
separates chromatids
Anaphase
after cohesin is digested
pulling chromatids away
Telophase
nuclear envelope reforms
chromosomes uncoil
nucleoli appear
Cytokinesis
division of protoplast
preprophase band
consists of
microtubules
actin filaments
function
marks region where new cell will attach to existing wall
identifies plane of division
phragmoplast
short microtubules
parallel to spindle fibers
function
trap dictyosomes
fuse into cell plate
phragmosome
vacuole division
consists of
microtubules
actin filaments
cytoplasm
Meiosis
sexual reproduction
gametes fuse
form zygote
reductive division
no S phase after division 1
2 phases
meiosis 1
meiosis 2
Meiosis 1
Prophase 1
5 stages
leptotene
chromosomes condense
zygotene
pairing of chromosomes
homologs
synapsis
called a bivalent
pachytene
chromosome condensing
crossing over
diplotene
chromosome of bivalent move away
dont break bc of chiasmata
diakinesis
homologs separate
Metaphase 1
spindles move tetrads
move to metaphase plate
Anaphase 1
homologous chromosomes separate
cohesin is not digested
Telophase 1
the reverse of prophase 1
interkinesis
occurs b/w telophase I and prophase II
no DNA duplication
Meiosis II
Prophase II
no stages
Metaphase II
centromeres divide
Anaphase II
replicate chromosomes separate
Telophase II
new nuclei are formed
Less Common Types of Division in Plants
coenocyte
Cell changes
very large
many nuclei
Cell Division in Algae
Nuclei
no breakdown
nuclear envelope
gaps form
microtubules pass through
nucleolus
dinoflagellates
no histones
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chromosomes always condensed
Cytokinesis
no cell wall
green algae
phycoplast forms
furrows
cell plate formation
Red Algae
by phragmoplast
Cell Division of Prokaryotes
no
mitosis
meiosis
DNA
ring shape
no histones
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cytokinesis
occurs by infurrowing
plasma membrane pinches in two
Division of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
DNA
circular
no histones
replication of organelles
furrowing
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