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Borregaard - Coggle Diagram
Borregaard
1. Introduction
-> Experiences
Ongoing industrial development work
2. History of Ethanol from wood
Russia
A couples of Russian factories have produced sulfite ethanol from hydrolysed hemicellulose recently, however, their status is not public to the authors.
USA
In Bellingham, Georgia-Pacific shut down their sulfite ethanol production in the end of 2001.
Canada
Tembec is still in operation
Switzerland
Sulfite ethanol in production from 1912 to 2008 in Attizholts
Norway
There were 4 sulfite ethanol plants in operation. One of them is Borregaard is still operating currently.
Finland
From From 1927 to to 1990, there were 17 sulfite plants operating as confirmed by K. Niemelä.
Sweden
The first sulfite ethanol was produced in 1909. There have been 33 such plants in operation of which only one Domsjö is still operating currently.
Processes in general
In Spruce
Production of bio-ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass. There are huge amounts of hemicellulose containing approximately 80% hexoses which can be fermented by baker's yeast to ethanol.
Wood
Ethanol has been manufactured from the cellulose which is a part of wood. From 1935 to 1985 Soviet Union hydrolysed wood by weak sulfuric acid at 130-150 degree Celsius to create sugars in solution.
Softwood, hardwood, and potatoes
These plants have come to an end because the yield of ethanol producing was low, and the process produce big amounts of lignin side streams that are hard for energy production could utilise and therefore is was not unbeneficial.
Optimizing total output of
2nd generation ethanol
and
lignocellulosic biorefineries
Steam explosion was the most common pre-treatment process for the structure's cellulose examination and the preparation for the hydrolysis and other.
3. Case history: Running a biorefinery
3.1 From commodity pulp to a range of specialty chemicals
3.2 Profitability from a range of co-products
3.3 Composition of feedstock is given - demand is never in balance
3.4 Continuous need for product development
3.5 High value biomass for products - low value organic residue for energy
3.6 Long-term commitments to sustainability yield results
3.7 Continuation of the biorefinery strategy
3.8 Cheaper feedstock for low value products - high value co-products from costly feedstock
-> Development strategies and projects
-> Technologies
The BALI pre-treatment
-> separation process for 2G ethanol
-> perfomance chemicals
4.1 The BALI process - technical description
4.2 The BALI process - benefits in enzymatic hydrolysis
4.3 The BALI proces - high value products from all main components of the feedstock
Conclusions