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Chapter 5: Word Stress - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 5: Word Stress
Syllables within an utterance that are longer, louder, and higher in pitch; however, in any given stressed syllable this entire combination of features may not be present.
Stress involves a greater outlay of energy as air is expelled from the lungs in order to articulate stressed syllables; however, the most silent features of stress are probably longer vowel duration in stressed syllable and higher pitch.
A word´s historical origins, changes brought about by affixation, and a word´s grammatical function within an utterance are factors that influence the placement of stress.
Word stress
The differentiated levels of stressed and unstressed syllables within a word. There a three: strong, medial, and weak.
Ways to represent stress
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Also, it can be in this way:
An accent aigu (´) signaling strong stress, an accent grave (`) signaling light stress, and no symbol at all for unstressed syllables.
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Germanic roots
Common words like parts of the body, the calendar, animals, domestic life, basic verbs and adjectives, landscape.
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Prefixes
Words that contain prefixes receive stress on the first syllable of the root element rather than on the prefix. It is either unstressed or lightly stressed.
The Germanic prefixes a-, be-, for-, and with- are always unstressed, whereas all others usually receive light stress.
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It also occurs when a prefix attaches to a noun such that the combined unit function as a noun compound, the prefix or its first syllable tends to be strongly stressed, with the noun receiving only light stress.
E.g. FORE‧ARM, UN‧der‧DOG
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Compounds
Combinations of two or more base elements that in combination have a meaning of their own, (Noun + noun, Noun + verb, Adjective + noun)
In noun compounds the first element is strongly stressed, whether the compound is simple (BLACK‧BIRD) or complex(BLACK‧bird NEST).
Noun-compound patterns: they do not exhibit any vowel reduction. Noun + noun: DRUG‧STORE, adjective + noun:BLACK‧BOARD.
Adjective + noun compound: (WHITE HOUSE), the strong stress is placed on the first element of the compound.
Adjective modifying a noun: WHITE HOUSE, “white” is lightly stressed, and the strong stress falls on the second element.
Adjectives compounds (WELL TRAINED) and verb compounds (HOUSE‧SIT) follow the same stress pattern as noun compounds; that is, strong stress falls on the first element of the compound and light stress on the second.
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Grammatical function
The final factor that determines lexical stress is a word's grammatical function within an utterance.
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Noun / verb pairs
The noun form has strong stress on the on the prefix (first syllable) whereas the second syllable receives light stress
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The verb form receives no stress on the prefix (first syllable) and strong stress on the second syllable.
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