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proposal for merger, merdeka talks, 1959 elections and full self govt,…

- - - - 1946: malayan union formed; objections to it based on equal citizenship principle, loss of titles for the sultans and british direct rule
      - 1948: federation of malaya formed; preservation of sultans and the states stricter citizenship rules for non-malays
      - 1952: umno-mca alliance won local government elections
      - 1955: full self-rule; umno-mca-mic alliance won elections and formed government
        
        umno, mca and mic collaborated in 1955 (and subsequent) elections constituency seats allocation based on ethnic representation umno will contest malay majority areas, mca will contest in areas with significant chinese population, etc.
        
        pooling of votes: umno will ask malays in areas contested by mca or mic to vote for their allies (mca and mic) and vice versa
      - 1957: merdeka for malaya
      - 1960: end of emergency and communist threat in malaya
      - 1963: malaysia was formed with the addition of sabah, sarawak and singapore
      - 1946: united malays national organization (umno) formed to oppose malayan union and preserve malay rights
      - 1946: malayan indian congress (mic) formed to represent the indian community in the struggle for malayan independence
      - 1949: malayan chinese association (mca) formed as a reaction against communism and to protect chinese interests in malaya
    - - demographics
        
        45% malays and other bumiputera, 38% chinese, 17% indians
        
        different regions in malaya were defined by the predominance of certain ethnic groups
        
        malay heartlands: north (kedah and perlis), east coast (pahang, terengganu and kelantan) and other rural parts of malaya
        
        significant chinese enclaves in:
        
        urban and suburban areas where there were tin-mining industries, eg. ipoh and taiping (perak), kuala lumpur and klang valley (selangor)
        
        former straits settlements eg. penang and malacca
        
        towns near gambier plantations in central johor, eg. yong peng, labis, bekok
        
        significant indian enclaves can be found in towns near rubber plantation areas as well as the urban areas
      - bumiputera and immigrants
        
        bumiputera means sons of the soil, ie. indigenious people
        
        chinese and indians were considered immigrants malaya
        
        chinese immigrants consisted of coolies and also towkays (similar situation in singapore)
        
        indian immigrants were mostly indentured labour but also consisted of members of the army, police force and merchants as well
      - malay rights
        
        the waves of immigrants caused a concern that the indigenous malays would be marginalized even in their own homeland
        
        the colonial government instituted measures (affirmative action) to ensure that the malays and their rights would be protected social contract: prior to independence, umno, mca and mic agreed on a contract that enabled non-malays to get automatic citizenship and preserve their economic interest in exchange for their recognition and unquestioning acceptance of malay rights and privileges issue
    - - agricultural and minerals-based economy:
        
        malaya, sabah and sarawak well-endowed with natural resources like tin, rubber, oil, palm oil, gas, timber
        
        tin: malaya was world’s largest producer of tin, dated even in the 18th century
        
        rubber: upon its introduction in the 19th century , malaya was the world’s largest producer of rubber
        
        service industry in malaya existed to complement and accommodate these agricultural and minerals-based economy
      - economic ownership
        
        during colonial times, european companies and plantation owners controlled tin and rubber industries
        
        after merdeka, some british companies like sime darby and guthrie still held on to their business interests in malaya
        
        chinese towkays and kapitans also controlled tin and gambier industries
        
        services industries like banking and commerce were also controlled by chinese
        
        in the rural and suburban areas also, the chinese were mostly shopkeepers and also middlemen in business transactions
      - civil service
        
        position in civil and administrative service were reserved for the malays
        
        the bureaucracy not only acted as a source of economic livelihood for the malays but eventually as a developmental ground for political awareness
  - - - separate political development form malaya
      - not part of the malayan union in 1946 and also the federation malaya im 1948
      - experience self-government
      - 1954-55: rendel constitution provided for limited self-government in singapore
      - 1959: full self-government achieved
      - emergence of the people’s action party
        
        non-communal party
        
        uneasy alliance between moderates and pro-communists
        
        proactive, quick thinking leaders
        
        pro-merger with malaya
        
        campaign to make civil service made more effective, corruption rooted out
        
        threat of communism
        
        riots in 1950s
        
        pro-communist faction threat in pap
    - - demographics
        
        predominantly chinese (more than 75%), 14% malays, 7% indians, 1% others
        
        metropolitan urban society
        
        though small ethnic enclaves did exist, they were not totally exclusive to one particular ethnic group
        
        some enclaves were just side-by-side with another ethnic enclave
      - many families have close links and blood ties with malaya - affected during separation
      - unemployment became a social problem
      - to combat the communist mass appeal, the people’s association was set up
        
        controlled activities for people in community centres
        
        pa linked people to the government
    - - decreasing volume of entrepot trade
      - service industry was dependent on the british military and naval bases
      - dependence of malayan hinterland for manufactured and imported goods
      - problem of unemployment persisted
      - the pap introduced industrialization program to diversify singapore’s economy and to create jobs for singaporeans
- - - - 1st merdeka talks failed
        
        marshall resigned as chief of minister since he failed to deliver his pledge to secure singapore independence - lim yew hock succeeded david marshall as chief minister
  - - - negotiations hit a deadlock on 15 may since both sides refused to compromise on internal security arrangements
- - - - successful
        
        british retained responsibility for defence and foreign policy while overlapping aspects of internal security and external defence would be managed by security council (joint responsibility for british, singapore and malaya)
        
        terms provided for fully elected legislature of 51 members and a malayan-born head of state (yang di pertuan negara) who would replace the british governor as representative of the queen
        
        singapore would gain the status of a self-governing state with powers to control trade, commerce as well cultural relations in external affairs
        
        1 aug 1958: the state of singapore act to convert singapore from a colony to a self-governing state was passed by the british parliament on 1 august 1958 was passed by the british parliament
- - - - 26,000 flats built in 3 years
      - end of 1965: 23% of population living in flats built by HDB
  - - - primary school enrolment increased from 267,000 to 333,000
      - secondary school enrolment nearly doubled
- - - - legislative assembly - 51 elected members
      - cabinet - prime minister and 8 other local ministers, appointed from 51 elected members of the legislative assembly
    - - internal security
- - - - members of trade unions were still distrustful - continued to organise rallies and protests