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Five Education Report in Post Independence - Coggle Diagram
Five Education Report in Post Independence
Rahman Talib Report 1960
Headed by Abdul Rahman Talib , Minister of Education, Federation of Malaya in June 1960 to review the National Education Policy
Aim: To consolidate the education system of the country after independence
Recommendations
Automatic promotion until Form Three
Introduction of Standard Five assessment examination
Free primary school education
Emphasis on Moral education
Enhancement of vocational and technical education
Teaching of Islamic Education (pre-requisite at least 15 pupils)
Monitoring of primary schools by School Inspectorate to ensure teaching quality
Emphasis on teacher training program
Education Act 1961
Level education
Upper secondary school education
Education in other educational institution
Lower secondary school education
Primary school education
Secondary education
Normal upper secondary
Trade
Normal lower secondary
Technical
Secondary (approval from MOE)
Vocational
Islamic education
Only offered if more than 15 Muslim pupils
Taught by trained Agama teachers
Two periods a week during school hours
Primary education
Free for all
Offered in national schools and national-type schools
Compulsory for all children of school going age
“3. The Federal education policy aims to establish a national system of education … to promote the cultural, economical and political advancement in this country, besides making the Malay language the national language …”
Aimed to develop a plural society (masyarakat majmuk) that is UNITED. It was also a mandate to develop a national education system that focused on:
Use of the SAME curriculum for all schools
Mastery of BM as the main medium of instruction
SAME Public Exam for all pupils
Aminuddin Baki Report 1964
Aim: To solve the problem of Malay students drop out after primary education.
Between January to February 1964, Aminuddin Baki had launched a series of “Torch Movement or Gerakan Obor” lectures over the Radio Malaysia that would enlighten the Malays about the importance of education.
Significant changes brought about by the proposal
Upon completion of primary education, students shall be automatically promoted to Form One or Remove Class in the secondary schools for another three years of lower secondary education (leave schools at the age of 15 years old).
Introducing multiple streams in the lower secondary education in 1965
Introduction of Lower Certificate of Education (LCE or Sijil Rendah Pelajaran / SRP), Senior Cambridge (MCE or Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia / SPM) and later Higher School Certificate (HSC or Sijil Tinggi Pelajaran / STP).
After three years lower secondary education: 1.Students who passed the LCE or SRP will be promoted to the upper secondary for academic streams that take up Mathematics and Science
2.The weaker students shall enter the vocational streams (Industrial Arts, Home Science, Agriculture and Commerce)
Education aims at preparing students for career, i.e. to be employable work force upon completion of secondary education.
Vocational Secondary Schools that offers Form four and five education in 1968, and the introduction of Sijil Pelajaran Vokasional Malaysia (SPVM) examination which is equivalent to MCE or SPM.
Technical Secondary Schools that prepare students for electronical and civil engineering courses in the tertiary level, Commerce and Agriculture.
Students will sit for SPM at the end of Form Five studies.
Opportunities to further study in Form Six, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia or Institut Teknologi MARA.
Education Act 1996
Aim: To further consolidate the national education system for the young generation in accordance with the country’s aspirations of making Malaysia a center of excellence for education.
Aim: To outline the legislation related to education.
General legislative provisions
The consolidation of the national education system
All levels of schooling, from pre-school until tertiary education
All categories of schools, for example, government schools, government-aided schools & private schools
The National Language became the main medium of instruction under the national education system, besides being a compulsory subject for all schools & educational institutions.
The National Philosophy of Education which was proclaimed in 1988 forms the underlying basis
Highlights of this act
Primary & Secondary
Islamic edu made a core subject and taught to all Muslim pupils in all primary schools.
Allocation to special education.
No change to status of National-type primary schools and 60 private Chinese schools
Compulsory for all pupils from all types & categories of schools to sit for Public Exams.
No change to School Board of Governors and mission schools.
Teaching of Chinese, Tamil & other indigenous languages in national primary & secondary schools (if deemed appropriate and practical & upon the request of more than 15 parents)
3 categories of schools: Govt, Govt-aided, Private.
Tertiary Education
Establish Univ and private colleges
Corporatisation of existing public Univs
Teaching subjects like National language, Malaysian studies and Islamic or Moral Education in private institutions.
Pre-school
Compulsory use of the Pre-School Curriculum Guidelines for all types & categories of pre-schools.
Teacher training
Offer cert, diploma and degree levels thru’ twinning programs.
Technical & Vocational
Improvement of technical edu in all technical schools and polytechnics
Change of status of vocational schools to technical schools
Twinning programs in polytechnics with local or foreign Univs.
Cabinet Committee Report
Chaired by Dr. Mahathir bin Mohammad.
Aim: “…to review the goals and effectiveness of the present education system for the purpose of meeting the manpower needs of the country both for the short and long terms. Besides this, to also ensure that the education system meets the country’s goals of producing a united, disciplined and skilled society.”
Recommendations
Teaching of English language as a second language.
Emphasis given for a sound spiritual education & other disciplines, wherever appropriate.
Focus on the 3 basic skills: reading, writing & arithmetic.
Secondary education to be divided into two streams; academic & vocational.
Extension of educational opportunities from 9 to 11 years.
Emphasis on curriculum ala Malaysia.
Review of Bahasa Malaysia in-service courses.
Aim: To promote national unity (similar to Education Act 1961 & Hussein Onn Report 1971)