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Chapter 2B: Carbon chains and Macromolecules - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 2B: Carbon chains and Macromolecules
What is a molecule
DENATURATION: break NON-COVALENT bonds ONLY
Why is BIG better if you are a molecule
storage (energy, info)
carbohydrates (starch, glycogen), lipids, DNA/RNA
build/attach, construct bigger things
protein (tubulin, actin), carbohydrates (cellulose), lipids (cell membranes)
bring things together, make stuff happen
protein (enzymes), RNA (ribozymes), lipids (cell membranes)
Building blocks
NUCLEOTIDES to make DNA
CARBOHYDRATES to make sugar
C2H4 blocks to make lipids
AMINO ACIDS to make proteins
CARBON is the backbone of ORGANIC molecules (Carbon is great for BUILDING STRUCTURES)
ex. hydrocarbons, carbohydrates, amino acid
ISOMERS: molecules that have SAME chemical formula but DIFFERENT structures
because of BRANCHING and ALTERNATIVE connections enable variety of linkages of molecules with the same atoms
Carbon shares FOUR electrons in paired orbitals
each of the 4 valence electrons of carbon shares a new molecular orbital with the electron of one of the hydrogen atoms
bonds are SPATIALLY SPREAD: allows ROTATION
EVEN, BALANCED, structure (NON POLAR): molecular orbitals point to the four corners of a TETRAHEDRON
great for making chains and rings (C-C bonds)
C-C and C-H bonds are balanced (NON POLAR)
Carbon atoms also make DOUBLE BONDS (sharing TWO sets of paired electrons)
double bond RESTRICTS ROTATION (DEFINE STRUCTURE; shape in space & FLUIDITY of membranes
Attached to the chain of carbon atoms are FUNCTIONAL GROUPS: groups of one or more atoms that have particular chemical properties
they are POLAR and REACTIVE (MOST IMPORTANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DNA AND RNA)
Examples
ALCOHOL
HYDROXYL GROUP: -OH
CARBOXYLIC ACID
CARBOXYL GROUP: COOH
CARBONYL GROUP C=O
at physiological pH some functional groups IONIZE
in water, carboxyl LOSES an H+ to become —COO-
Amine: N can BIND to the water and ATTACH to H+, giving it a positive charge
