Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
RS1 - Coggle Diagram
RS1
introduction
physiological anatomy
external features
location
The kidneys are bean-shaped organs that
lie retroperitoneally
on the posterior abdominal wall,
one on each side of the vertebral column
at the level of T12 to L1 vertebrae.
The right kidney lies slightly inferior to the
left kidney.
Size and shape.
During life, the kidneys are reddish-brown
in colour.
Each kidney in an adult human
weighs about 150 g
and measures approximately
10 cm in length,
5 cm in width
and 2.5 cm in thickness.
Surface, borders and poles.
Each kidney has:
anterior and posterior surfaces,
medial and lateral margins,
and superior and inferior poles.
The lateral margin is convex
and the medial margin is concave,
where the renal sinus and renal pelvis are located.
Renal hilum and sinus.
The renal hilum is a vertical cleft present
on the concave medial margin.
It is the entrance to space within the kidney
the renal artery enters through the renal hilum
and the renal vein and renal pelvis leave the renal sinus.
The renal sinus is thus occupied by the
renal pelvis, calyces, vessels, nerves and a
variable amount of fat.
Renal pelvis and calyces.
The renal pelvis is the flattened, funnel- shaped expansion of the superior end of ureter.
Within the renal sinus, the pelvis divides
into two (or three) parts called major
calyces.
Each major calyx divides into a number of
minor calyces.
The end of each minor calyx is shaped like
a cup into which fits a projection of kidney
tissue called renal papilla
(the apex of renal pyramid).
Gross Internal Structure
Gross internal structure of the kidney, as
seen in coronal section through the organ,
exhibits that kidney tissue consists of an
outer region called the cortex and an inner
region called the medulla.
Medulla.
is made up of triangular areas of renal
tissue that are called
the renal pyramids.
Pyramids are 4–14 in number and separated
from each other by cortical columns of
Bertin.
Pyramids show striations that pass radially
towards the apex.
These striations are due to straight portion
of the nephron
and extend some distance upwards into the cortex where they are called
medullary rays.
The medulla can be subdivided into two
parts:
Outer medulla
outer stripe
inner stripe.
Inner medulla/ papillary zone.
cortex
The renal cortex can be divided into two
parts which are continuous with each other:
Cortical arches/cortical lobules
refer to the
tissue lying between the bases of
pyramids and surface of the kidney.
Renal columns
refer to the
cortical tissue that lies
in between the pyramids.
Lobe of kidney.
Each pyramid, surrounded by a shell of
cortex, constitutes a lobe of the kidney.
This lobulation is obvious in the
fetal kidney.
Microscopic Structure of Kidney
Microscopically, the cortex and medulla of the kidney are composed of
nephrons
blood vessels
lymphatics and
nerves.