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Chapter One Study Notes - Coggle Diagram

- - - - investigated Hans and were fascinated
      - Dr Pfungst
        
        skeptical
        
        made Hans take tests when owner was out of sight
        
        Hans failed the test because he was unable to sense cues from owner
- - - - Debunked multiple times
        
        Graphology
        
        Fortune telling
        
        Horoscope
      - Harmful effects
        
        risk depriving themselves of real insights that are even more interesting and useful
        
        Confirmation bias
        
        We pay attention to events that confirm what we believe and ignore evidence that contradicts these evidence
        
        serious effects
        
        Can cause you to waste
        
        time
        
        money
        
        lives
        
        False “recovered memories” of sexual abuse
        
        Presumption of female intellectual inferiority kees women out of “men’s jobs”
        
        can lead to fraud
        
        people can get scammed by
        
        fortune tellers
        
        graphologists
        
        astrologists
        
        these frausters diminish support for legitimate psychological science
    - - Treatment for autism
        
        method by which a helper (or facilitator) attempts to communicate with an autistic person by asking questions and then assisting the person to respond by typing or pointing to letters on a letter board. The problem with this method is that it needs to make sure that the autistic person is really responding rather than the facilitator
        
        Initially, reports on facilitated communication were promising-even enthusiastic
        
        But some psychologists were skeptical. They pointed out that these reports were anecdotal and lacked any sort of scientific controls.
        
        expressed concern that the helper might be consciously or unconsciously guiding the child’s hand to produce the messages
        
        When the facilitator knew the question being asked, the autistic child would give sensible answers. But whenever blinders were applied, the answers were inaccurate
        
        similar to Dr Pfungst and Clever Hans
        
        Even though facilitated communication had extended hope to parents and teachers, psychological research ended these hopes. Moreover, the consequences of an uncritical belief in facilitated communication provided worse than false hopes
        
        Not only did the use of facilitated communication mean that more effective treatments were delayed, but many parents blamed themselves whenever their kids did not respond as expected to the treatment
        
        Worst of all, there were false accusations of sexual abuse derived from the messages thought to have come from the autistic children
      - Declared a failure by the American Psychological Association
- - - - Schools
      - prisons
      - sports
      - government
      - churches
      - universities
    - - teaching
      - research
      - assessment
      - equipment design
      - psychotherapy
  - - - Workhorses who do basic research
      - mostly faculty members at colleges or universities
      - also called research psychologists
    - - Overlaps with experimentalists, because most researchers also teach classes at the colleges or universities where they do their expected work.
      - Increasingly, however, large members of psychologists are hired by high schools, colleges, and universities in teaching positions across the United States
    - - Use knowledge developed by experimental psychologists to tackle human problems such as training, equipment design, and psychological treatment. Applied psychologists work in a wide variety of places such as schools, clinics, factories, social service agencies, airports, hospitals, and casinos. All told, some 64% of the doctoral-level psychologists in the United States work primarily as applied psychologists and that percentage has been steadily increasing since the 1950s
    - - Industrial and organizational psychologists (or I/O psychologists)
        
        Specialize in modifying the work environment to maximize productivity and morale. Some I/O psychologists develop interview and testing procedures to help organizations select new employees; some develop programs to train and retain employees; and others specialize in market research
      - Sports psychologists
        
        Work with athletes to help them maximize their performance. They deal with enhancing motivation, controlling emotions under pressure, and planning practice sessions. Many major sports franchises have sports psychologists on staff
      - Engineering psychologists
        
        Work at the interface between people and equipment. Some design devices, such as control panels or airplane instrument displays, for easy and reliable human use. Some do psychological detective work to discover what went wrong in accidents attributed to human error. Engineering psychologists are usually employed by private industry or the government and often work on a team with other scientists
      - School psychologists
        
        Have expertise in the problems of teaching and learning. Typically work for a school board, where they diagnose learning and behavior problems and consult with teachers, students, and parents. School psychologists may spend a good deal of time administering, scoring, and interpreting psychological tests.
      - Rehab psychologists
        
        Serve with physicians, nurses, counselors, and social workers on teams that may treat patients with both physical and mental disorders, such as stroke, spinal cord injury, alcoholism, drug abuse, or amputation. Some work in a hospital setting. Others work for social service agencies and for sheltered workshops that provide job training for people with disabilities
      - Clinical psychologists and counseling psychologists
        
        work with people who have problems with social and emotional adjustment or those who face difficult choices in relationships, careers, or education. About half of all doctoral level psychologists list clinical or counseling psychology as their specialty. The clinician is more likely to have a private practice involving psychological testing and long term therapy, while the counselor is more likely to work for an agency or school and to spend fewer sessions with each client
- - - - Some have described Plato’s quest for knowledge and understanding as the quest for perfect knowledge
      - Plato was the first philosopher credited with the study of gaining perfect knowledge
      - After Plato, the philosopher Aristotle developed theories of sensation, perception, cognition, and ethics. His approach to learning defined science until the advent of empiricism
    - - Following their lead, we still use the metaphor of “heartfelt” emotions, and we may “vent the spleen” when angry
    - - Asian and African societies were developing their own psychological ideas
        
        In Asia, yoga and buddhism were exploring consciousness, which they attempted to control with meditation
        
        Meanwhile, in Africa, other explanations for personality and mental disorders were emerging from traditional physical beliefs
        
        Based on these folk psychologists, shamans (healers) developed therapies rivalling in effectiveness the treatments used in Western psychology and psychiatry
      - However, the Greeks and the Roman Catholic Church most influenced the development of Western psychology as a science
  - - - ideas fit in well with discoveries of nervous system in bodies
      - discovery allowd scientists to see that there are biological processes that are behind these sensations
  - - - A historical school of psychology devoted to uncovering the basic structures that make up mind and thought. Structuralists sought the "elements" of concious experience
  - - - should include function of conciousness, not just its structure
      - called it functionalism
    - - A historical school of psychology that believed mental processes could best be understood in terms of their adaptive purpose and function
  - - - understanding perception was merely the means to the even more important end of understanding how the brain works
  - - - Behaviourism should be the study of behaviour, not the mind
- - - - personality
      - preferences
      - behaviour patterns
      - abilities
    - - nervous system
      - endocrine system
      - diseases
    - - The field devoted to understanding of the brain creates thoughts, feelings, motifes, consciousness, memories, and other mental processes
      - hot area
      - amazing strides recently made in understanding the brain
    - - Sees behaviour and mental processes in terms of their genetic adaptation for survival and reproduction
      - many human traits arize from hereditary characteristics
  - - - Most of their research has taken place in child development, but increasingly have been taking a look at teens and adults
  - - - thoughts
      - expectations
      - perceptions
      - memories
      - states of conciousness
  - - - founded psychoanalysis
        
        originally medical technique devised to treat mental disorders
        
        portrays mind as some sort of mental boiler that holds rising pressure of various heinous desires as well as memories of traumatic events
        
        most psychoanalysts are doctors specialized in psychiatry and advanced training in Freudian methods
  - - - Led by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
      - rejected the cold, mechanical approach of scientific psychology
  - - - blood
        
        sanguine
      - phlegm
        
        slow and deliberate
      - melancholer
        
        melancholy
      - yellow bile
        
        angry and aggressive
    - - those who are interested in the field of personality
  - - - As a complex blend of language, beliefs, customs, values, and tradition, culture exerts profound influence on all of us