1a. Pragmatic approach: analyse overall quality of interpersonal exchange, use profile analyses and/or checklists (refer to protocol). Bottom up model of pragmatics in lang function: no preconceived analytic principles, behaviour is described as it happens and generalisations are made based on obsv patterns. Repair (self vs. other, repair initiation vs. repair outcome). Silences (attributable, after a turn, before next speaker starts vs. lapse (no one starts). Minimal turns- is mm, yeah, aye used appropriately, where they occur determines meaning. Topic-maintenance, initiation, shift, dominance, bias