Altered Elimination
Urinary Dysfunction
Bowel Dysfunction
Altered Neuromuscular Function
Altered Urinary Perfusion
Altered Urinary Motility
Altered Urinary Patency
Altered Neuromuscular Function
Altered Bowel Patency
Altered Bowel Motility
Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the glomerulus, which is the filtering component of the nephron. RBCs found in casts is an indication for glomerulonephritis.
Blockages forming that prevents the forward movement of urine.
Slow flow rate, sodium-concentrated filtrate, or low pH of filtrate will allow blockages to be formed. Kidney stones or coagulations (known as casts) of RBCs, WBCs, proteins, or fats may form.
When neural impulses do not correspond between the PNS and CNS, any action will not occur. This creates a failure to initiate muscle action to respond to urinating, either limit or prematurely release urine.
Urinary incontinence is the inability to control urination.
Failure/exaggeration of neural impulses leads to poor muscle response.
Poor oxygenated blood supply affects kidney tissues by constricting arterioles, lowering vascular volume, and creating obstruction. Tissues may then become ischemic or necrotic.
Acute kidney injury occurs when the kidney suddenly cannot filter waste from blood due to reduced blood flow.
Inadequate blood supply leading to kidney tissue damage.
Blockages may be in the form of a polyp/tumor, casts, kidney stones, or scar tissue. Pressure will build up behind the blockage and cause urine stasis.
Hydronephrosis is excessive fluid in the kidney due to a buildup of urine that cannot enter the bladder.
Blockage within the renal structure, leading to a buildup of pressure.
Inadequate gut flora will decrease motility, while inadequate E. coli will increase motility.
Constipation occurs when fecal matter is stored in the large intestine for a long time and water is lost, causing the stool to be difficult to pass.
Abnormal rate of movement of fecal matter to be excreted.
Abdominal surgery, peritonitis, or spinal trauma can impair cell signaling pathways. Narcotics can act on cell receptors to inhibit peristalsis. Reduced exercise will reduce neuromuscular activity.
Neurogenic bowel dysfunction causes the inability to control defecation. This is due to a neurological condition such as a spinal cord injury, in which the neural pathway for the defecation reflex or relaxation of the anal sphincter is damaged.
Impaired neural signal transduction will alter propulsion activity.
Obstruction may be in the form of a tumor, polyp, or impacted feces. The resulting fluid buildup with cause the intestinal walls to become edematous, causing more gas and fluid to accumulate.
Crohn's Disease causes inflammation within the digestive system. It may be an autoimmune or genetically-inherited disease.
Obstruction within the intestinal structure, leading to a buildup of gas and fluid.
Steroid medications will help to reduce swelling.
A bladder training program can be done by voiding on a timely schedule, regardless if there is an urge to void or not. If there is an urge to void before the scheduled time, urinary suppression techniques can be used such as Kegel exercises.
If AKI is due to lack of fluids in the blood, IV fluids can be administered to restore the balance.
A nephrostomy is an artificial opening directly between the skin and kidney. A thin catheter is inserted to allow urine to be drained.
Stimulant laxatives will cause the intestine to contract and propel the fecal matter forward to be excreted.
A colostomy is an artificial opening between the skin and the end of the colon, where stool will be excreted instead of relying on reflexes.
Anti-inflammatory medications may provide relief by preventing or decreasing swelling of the intestines. This will get rid of the obstruction.