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Biodiversity, role species has in its environment, mutations happen within…

- - - - Genetic drift
  - - - Molecular clock
  - - - behavioral isolation
      - gametic isolation
      - mechanical incompatibility (anatomical)
      - geographic isolation
    - - reduced hybrid incompatibility
      - hybrid sterility
  - - - half life
- - - - Antibiotic resistance
    - - Phenotype
      - Genotype
        
        Genotype Frequency
        
        Hardy-Weinberg
        
        p = frequency of dominant allele
        
        q = frequency of recessive allele
        
        pq = heterozygous
        
        Natural Selection # #
        
        FItness
  - - - Neutral mutations
      - Advantageous mutations
      - Deleterious mutations
  - - - natural selection
        
        evolution
        
        phylogeny #
        
        node
        
        sister groups
        
        characters
        
        3 more items...
        
        character states
        
        taxonomy :
        
        monophyletic
        
        paraphyletic
        
        polyphyletic
    - - fixation
        
        advantageous mutation
        
        neutral mutation through genetic drift
  - - - excludes asexual and extinct species
    - - common ancestry
      - common fate
- - - - Climate change #
        
        Extinction
        
        fossils
        
        trace fossils
        
        microbial life
        
        mass extinction
        
        Cretaceous
        
        Permian
- - - - dispersal
      - vicariance
      - natural selection #
      - subspecies
    - - island population
      - natural selction
- - - - plasma membrane
        
        lipids
        
        phospholipids
        
        amphipathic
        
        micelles
        
        bilayer
        
        homeostasis
        
        selectively permeable
        
        diffusion
        
        facilitated diffusion
        
        osmosis
        
        aquaporins
        
        osmotic pressure
        
        osmoconformers
        
        osmoregulation
        
        osmoregulators
      - cell wall
        
        peptidoglycan
      - plasmids
      - circular chromosomes
      - # # horizontal gene transfer
        
        transduction
        
        transformation
      - anoxygenic photosynthesis
      - fermentation
      - chemoautotroph
      - photoheterotroph
      - denitrification
        
        anammox
      - periodic selection
      - gram-positive bacteria #
    - - hyperthermophiles
  - - - opisthokonta
    - - primary producers
      - assimilation
      - archaeplastida
      - vascular plants
        
        lycophytes
        
        ferns and horsetails
        
        gymnosperms
        
        angiosperms
        
        4 types of organs (the shoot)
        
        leaves
        
        reproductive organss
        
        stems
        
        roots
        
        tissues
        
        epidermis
        
        vascular tissues
        
        xylem
        
        low resistance pathway
        
        phloem
        
        ground tissues
        
        photosynthesis
        
        leaf
        
        mesophyllv
        
        veinst
        
        transpirationc
        
        cuticle
        
        stomata
    - - protozoa
      - algae
      - choanoflagellates
    - - phagocytosis
    - - haploid (1n)
        
        sexual fusion
        
        diploid (2n)
        
        zygote
    - - chloroplasts
      - mitochondria
    - - opisthokonta
      - arcaheplastida
      - choanoflagellates
      - stramenophiles
      - ameoebozoans
      - alveolates
      - rhizarians
      - excavates
    - - diffusion
      - bulk flow
        
        concentration gradient
      - communication between cells
        
        gap junctions
        
        plasmodesmata
      - oxygen requiredg
      - regulatory genes