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CHAPTER 9 (Helfand): Definitional features of science - Coggle Diagram
CHAPTER 9 (Helfand):
Definitional features of science
Opening
What is this scientific sense?
what are the definition features that make science science?
Truth and falsifiability
if can not prove something is false, it is not science.
It may be a model or a theory
Math >< science:
Math => formulation to prove (tools), theory is math
science is science
Data
Category
Proxies
(đại diện, simplify, models for data)
Selection effects
(selection bias)
expression
select report => just use data suitable with hypothesis/
ignore the opposite
just possible measure a part compare to a whole range
Reasons
some variable beyond our knowledge or control hiding a subset measurements from view
sociology of scientific publishing
scientists are people => people like positive results
Definition
Objectives reality exists (that one can sample with measurement and observation) produce "data"
Data are the raw materials of science
basis for constructing models
tested
the great machine of science (telescope, functional magnetic...)
are all design to collect data
science divorce with data is not science \
Experiments
and observations
Observation
Nature is quite complicated, uncontrollable and varied
=> scientist often reduce the observations
Observers have less control over the environments
=> hard to measure/minimize the effects
How about experiments?
(the author did not memtion)
Models
provide a conceptual framework
for interpreting the data we collect
There are 4 different forms
Physical:
biological
numerical
analytical
Theories
Model + testable prediction + outcomes (through experiments) => theory
Assumption
in science, a vigilant awareness of one's assumptions is essential
Most assumptions are testable and many are quantifiable
some assumption in science last a very long time
Feedbacks and effects