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Beyond Mendelian Genetics - Coggle Diagram
Beyond Mendelian Genetics
Multiple Allele Traits
(some traits are controlled by multiple alleles)
ABO blood types
I^b = B antigen on RBC, anti-A antibody in plasma
i = Neither A nor B antigen on RBC, both anti-A & Bantibodies in plasma
I^a = A antigen on RBC, anti B antibody in plasma
Incomplete
Penetrance
(dominant allele may not always lead to dominant phenotype in heterozygote
Example
many dominant alleles exhibit varying degrees of penetranceor visibility of phenotype
Dominance
(heterzygote has phenotype intermediate between either homozygote)
Example
homozygous white = white phenotype
heterozygous = pink phenotype
homozygous red = red phenotype
phenotype reveals genotype without test cross
Polygenic Inheritance
(occurs when trait governed by 2 or more genes have different alleles)
Example
Height
Eye color
Skin color
Each dominant allele has quantitative effect on phenotype
Multifactorial Traits
(controlled by 2 or more genes & affected by environment factors)
Example
height
diet
hormones
genes inherited in Mendelian way
gene interaction with environment produces many different phenotypes
Sex-Linked Genes
X linked
recessive traits
(are not not related to feminine body characteristics expressed in observable or phenotype of men
male not be expressed in females
dominant traits
(genetic inheritance by which dominant gene is carried on X chromosome
does not affect males more than females
only 1 copy of allele is sufficient to cause disorder
Y linked
(genes on Y chromosome)
only passed to sons
all y-linked traits are expressed
X & Y
chromosomes
(sex chromosomes carry genes that determine male and female traits
carry genes for other characteristics
genes
Only men have Y chromosomes
Both men and women have X chromosomes
Mitochondrial Inheritance
Maternal transmission
No recombination/no input from father (high mutation rate)
Pleiotropy
(When single mutant gene affects 2 or more distinct and unrelated traits
Examples
Albinism
Sickle Cell Anemia
Marfan Sydrome