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Isomerism - Coggle Diagram
Isomerism
Structural Isomerism : Structural isomers are those compounds that differ in their connectivity between the atoms that constitute that compound.
CHAIN ISOMERISM
Example: : Butane and isobutane have the same number of carbon (C) atoms and hydrogen (H) atoms, so their molecular formulas are the same.
POSITIONAL ISOMERISM
Positional Isomerism are constitutional isomers that have the same carbon skeleton and the same functional groups but differ from each other in the location of the functional groups on or in the carbon chain. eg They have the same functional group, a bromine atom
RING CHAIN ISOMERISM
Compounds having the same molecular formula but possessing open chain and cyclic structures are called ring chain isomers and the phenomenon is called ring-chain isomerism.
For example propene and cyclopropane are ring chain isomers.
FUNCTIONAL ISOMERISM
Functional group isomer are structural isomers which have different functional groups, resulting in significantly different chemical and physical properties.
TAUTOMERISM ISOMERISM
Tautomerism is a dynamic equilibrium between two compoun with same molecular formula.
The most common form of tautomerism is keto-enol tautomerism.
METAMERISM ISOMERISM
It is a type of isomerism in which compounds having the same molecular formula but different alkyl groups on either side of functional groups are called Metamerism Example diethyl ether and methyl propyl ethers are metamers.
Sterioisomerism : are compounds with the same exact molecular formula and connectivity but they differ in the arrangement of atoms in three-dimensional space.
OPTICAL ISOMERISM : Optical Isomers are named like this because of their effect on plane polarized light.
Optical Isomers, which are non-superimposable mirror images of each other, are called Enantiomers.
Example, d-Alanine and l-Alanine, lactic acid etc.
GEOMETRICAL ISOMERISM : The same molecular formula represents two or more compounds. It differs in the spatial arrangement of atoms or groups around carbon- carbon double bond.
If same group are on same side then, it is called ‘cis’ isomers.
Example, cis-2-butene
if it is on opposite sides, then it is called ‘trans’ isomers.Example :trans-2-butene
The organic compounds having the same molecular formula but different structures are known as Isomers. This phenomenon is known as Isomerism. In other words, the organic compounds having the same molecular formula but different arrangements of carbon atoms in them, are known as Isomers.