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SciTechSoc PM2 - Coggle Diagram
SciTechSoc PM2
History of S&T in the Philippines
The Early years
( Spanish period, 1869-1898)
Filipino scientists were mostly interested on animal and plant systems
Galleon trade was the chief economic activity
Opening of Suez Canal in 1869 shortened the route from the Philippines to Europe
American Occupation (1898-1941)
The Schurman Commission recommended the replacement of military government with a civil government and establishment of free public educational system in the country
The Taft Commission started the gradual Filipinization of the government and encouraged education in preparation for self-government
Philippine public school system was established in 1901
Insular Bureau of Agriculture and Bureau of Government Laboratories* were established
The Philippine Commission expanded and included Dr. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, a Filipino
The Bureau of Government Laboratories was reorganized into the Bureau of Science in 1905
In 1906, the Bureau of Science was made the custodian of the International Standards of Weights and Measurements in the country
The University of the Philippines was established in 1908, followed by the College of Agriculture in Los Banos
Jones Law (The Philippine Autonomy Act) replaced the Philippine Commission with the House of Representatives, wholly composed of Filipinos
Bureau of Science had new functions
The world recession in the 1930s caused further losses to the bureau, which resulted to retrenchment, loss of several divisions, reduced budget, and brain drain
In 1933-1934, a general reorganization took place
The Bureau of Science
Main thrust during the early years was on public health and nutrition
College of Agricuture
Focused efforts on improving the breed of basic crops, livestock and poultry
The War Years (1941-1945)
Manuel L. Quezon was the president when the war between Japan and the US broke out in 1941
Rehabilitation and reconstruction period (1945-1948)
Manuel Roxas became the first president of the Republic
Bureau of Science was converted to the Institute of Science and placed under the office of the President
Filipino scientists directed their efforts toward the solution of the country’s problems and needs
The gradual Filipinization of the government resulted in several negative effects on the development of science in the country
Post-War Philippine S&T
The Quirino administration(1948-1953)
Philippine economy flourished
President Elpidio Quirino desperately sought the help of the US
The Magsaysay administration (1953-1957)
President Ramon Magsaysay directed all his efforts to the upliftment of the rural people
Highest number of scientists, as well as scientific works occurred in 1956
The Garcia administration (1957-1961)
President Carlos Garcia adopted the “Filipino First Policy”
The National Science Board was replaced with the National Science Development Board (NSDB), raising it to a department level with a budget of its own
1959 was called the “crop year”
The Macapagal administration(1961-1965)
The NSDB was mandated in 1963 to undertake research in all fields
The Scientific Instrumentation Division was added to NSDB which shifted its efforts to extensive training and expansion
The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) was established in 1960
The Marcos Era
Pre-Martial Law years(1965-1971)
President Ferdinand Marcos’ national goals emphasized economic and rural developments
UP College of Agriculture underwent rapid development in its facilities, faculty and staff, academic programs and extension
Thrust of research were redirected towards
Basic necessities
Import substitutes
Exports
Waste materials and product utilization
Science education program
Martial Law years (1972-1982)
President Marcos created Proclamation 1081 placing the entire Philippines under Martial Law
After Martial Law(1981-1985)
President Marcos issued Proclamation 2045 that lifted Martial Law
The following agencies were created:
Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resource Research and Development (PCARRD)
National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP)
Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD)
Philippine Council for Industry and Energy Research Development (PCIERD)
NAST tackled 3 major issues:
Collection of biological specimens
State of the dairy industry
Effects of radiation on human health
Post EDSA Revolution
1986-present
President Corazon Aquino inherited a serious economic crisis
Task Force on Science and Technology Development was created in 1989
President Fidel Ramos envisioned the Philippines “to be a country where all are provided a better life…”
Historical Developments of S&T
technology
the totality of the use and application of his knowledge, skills, tools, and materials
development
becoming in the future of what industrialized countries are today
STS timeline
STS in ancient times
The shift from nomadic life to farming led to the development of cities
government and religion
social class
network of transportation
specialized labor
Major influence on Society
Egypt
papyrus
thick type of paper made from the pith of the papyrus plant, cyperus papyrus
hieroglyphics
a formal writing system used that combined logographic and alphabetic elements
Ancient Babylonica
cuneiform
one of the earliest systems of writing, distinguished by its wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets, made by means of a blunt stylus
Ancient Greece
public speaking
persuasive rhetoric
art that aims to improve the capability of writers or speakers to inform, most likely to persuade, or motivate particular audiences in specific situations
drama
philosophy
Ancient Rome
Roman Alphabet
a writing system originally used to write the latin language
19th century
invention of textile manufacturing machines
division of labor
increase in production
crowded cities
unsafe and unhealthy working conditions
20th century
invention of automobiles
status symbol
harsh, crowded city conditions
health
penicillin - Alexander Fleming
17th Century
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
contributed to the field of writings
The Advancement of Learning
Modern Europe
The Printing Press
The Printing Revolution
occured when the spread of printing press facilitated the wide circulation of information and ideas, acting as an "agent of change" through the societies that it reached
Modern World
World Wide Web