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Cell Growth and Division, No distinct boundary between metaphase and…

- - - - spindle microtubules
        
        synthesized
    - - & breaking down nuclear envelope #
  - - - gene-polymer of nulceotides
      - unique sequence of nucleotides
      - similar sizes
      - 30,000 types of genes
        
        proper enzymes
        
        structural proteins
        
        hormones necessary
      - entire process of genes
        
        genome
    - - genes attached
      - short pieces of linking DNA
        
        duplicate DNA attaches as centromere
        
        connected by protein
        
        cohesin
        
        half chromatid
        
        twice as large after S-phase
      - thousands attched
      - entire chromosome replicates
    - - begin to differentiate
      - single cycle DNA replication
      - nucleus twice as large
        
        as many as 8,192 copies
      - 80% of maturing plants
      - hair, glandular cells, others with rapid metabolisms
    - - similar to endoreduplication
      - only some genes replicate
        
        specialized metabolism
      - mature cell
      - extreme case
        
        Arum maculatum
  - - - DNA replication
      - important process
    - - type of cell
      - type of plant
      - health
      - age
      - temperature
- - - - unusual mitosis
        
        fungi
        
        extranuclear spindle
        
        intranuclear spindle
        
        no break down or late breakdown
        
        nuclear envelope
        
        nucleolus
      - gaps form in nuclear envelope
      - bundles of microtubules pass through nucleus
      - no histones
        
        chromosomes remain condensed
        
        slight uncoil in interphase
    - - several types
      - unicellular have no wall
        
        plasma membrane outermost surface
        
        pinches in two
        
        cell division
        
        cleavage furrow
        
        similar to animals
      - some algae similar to plants
        
        after telophase
        
        phragmoplast form
        
        loss of nuclear envelope
        
        cell plate forms
        
        dictyosome vesicles
        
        centrifugal growth
        
        fuses with parent cell
      - green algae
        
        spindle depolymerizes quickly
        
        daughter nuclei close
        
        new set microtubules
        
        phycoplast
        
        envelope doesn't break down
        
        furrowing
        
        cell plate formation
    - - phragmoplast
      - new wall grows inward
      - large hole
        
        pit connection
        
        carbohydrate material
        
        protein
  - - - process of furrowing
      - plasma membrane pulled inward
        
        new cross wall grows
        
        cross wall splits
        
        two walls
        
        releases two daughter cells
      - pinches in two
    - - 20 identical circles
      - multicellular aggregates rarely form
    - - cross walls don't break
      - multicellular bodies form
    - - 15-20 minutes
- - - - division of cytoplasm
      - division of protoplast
        
        simpler than nucleus
      - random division of organelle
      - preprophase bond
        
        identifies plane of division
        
        marks region of new cell wall
        
        middle of cell
        
        two equal cell walls
        
        at one end
        
        large and small cell
      - plants
        
        formation of phragmoplast #
        
        short microtubules
        
        parallel to spindle microtubules
        
        cell center
        
        grows outward
        
        do not migrate
        
        polymerize near outer edge
        
        inner side depolymerize
        
        phragmoplast, vesicle, walls= cell plate
        
        actin pigments
      - cell has been divided
    - - division of nucleus
      - two types
        
        meiosis
        
        sexual reproduction
        
        two sex cells
        
        gamete
        
        zygote
        
        one set of chromosomes
        
        diploid
        
        haploid
        
        reduction division
        
        two rounds of division
        
        no S phase after first
        
        meiosis I
        
        prophase I
        
        unique stages
        
        divided into 5 stages:
        
        5 more items...
        
        most complicated
        
        all event from mitosis prophase
        
        anaphase I
        
        homo chromosomes separate
        
        cohesin not digested
        
        centromeres don't divide
        
        metaphase I
        
        spindle microtubules move tetrads
        
        center cell
        
        metaphase plate
        
        telophase I
        
        chromosomes still doubled
        
        opposite of prophase II
        
        some skip telophase
        
        interkinesis
        
        meiosis II
        
        four haploid cells
        
        tetranucleate
        
        selectively advantageous
        
        double cytokinesis
        
        three nuclei may degenerate
        
        mitosis
        
        duplication division
        
        nuclear gene
        
        copied
        
        one set of genes separated
        
        packed in own nucleus
        
        2 more items...
        
        more common
        
        multicellular
        
        cell #s increase
        
        body grows
        
        eukaryotic unicellular organisms
        
        not in sexual reproduction
        
        one of each chromosome
        
        each daughter nucleus
        
        chromatid
        
        shared centromere
        
        anaphase
        
        after cohesin
        
        depolymerizing
        
        deuterium oxide
        
        inhibits depolymerization
        
        inhibit chromosome movement
        
        low levels of colchicine
        
        speed depolymerization
        
        speed movement
        
        chromosome pulled together
        
        metaphase
        
        metaphase plate
        
        cell center
        
        spindle microtubules
        
        side veiw
        
        very center
        
        end view
        
        central plane of cell
        
        chromosome become visible
        
        separase is activated
        
        protein-degrading enzyme
        
        cohesin
        
        2 more items...
        
        chromosomes doubled
        
        3 more items...
        
        telophase
        
        chromosomes end of spindle
        
        nuclear envelope appear
        
        form complete nuclear envelope
        
        each end of cell
        
        two nucleus larger
        
        extra membrane
        
        reversal of prophase
        
        prophase #
        
        chromosomes condense
        
        nucleus less distinct
        
        nuclear envelope breaks
        
        migrate to opposite pole
        
        spindle
        
        long set of microtubules
        
        100,000s microtubules
        
        one pole to the center cell
        
        one pole to the centromere
        
        1 more item...
        
        twin chromatids