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Henry VII Government - Coggle Diagram
Henry VII Government
FINANCE
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The difference between ordinary and extraordinary revenue is that while ordinary revenue was an annual feature for Henry VII, extraordinary revenue was not eg. parliamentary grants, loans and benevolences, clerical taxes and the French pension.
51 Attainders were passed between 1504 -09 (secure?) and 46 were reversed during the reign. In total, 138 attainders were passed during his reign eg. Thomas Tyrell had to pay £1738 to reverse his father’s attainder.
Retaining – in 1485 and 1504 there were acts against illegal retaining (you had to have a licence from the king which you paid for).There was a fine of £5 for disobeying.
Bonds (place a noble in debt to the crown so he would remain loyal). Between 1499 and 1509 2/3rds of the nobles were held under bonds. Enforced by the Council Learned in Law
The Act of Resumption (1486) allowed Henry to reclaim all crown lands that had been granted away since the start of the Wars of the Roses.
The main Feudal dues from nobles were relief, marriage, wardship and livery eg. In 1503 Henry appointed John Hussey as Master of the King’s wards. The King could control the estates of heirs under adult age and manage the estate for profit.
Henry VII did not approach the available wealth in the country. In 1489, Henry tried to introduce a form of income tax to raise the £100,000 needed to finance a war against the French. Such was the complexity behind collecting the tax – and the resistance to paying it – that only about £30,000 was ever collected. An efficient and effective system of tax collection was many years in the future.
Fifteenth and Tenth - A Parliamentary grant was invariably a tax based on a person’s ‘moveable goods’.
The primary weakness of the Exchequer was the simple fact that it was very slow in what it did. At the end of the century, revenue from royal estates was in excess of £100,000 a year. The Chamber dealt with nearly all aspects of royal income. The Treasurer of the Chamber became the most important financial figure for Henry. Two men held this post under Henry VII – Sir Thomas Lovell and Sir John Heron.
CONSOLIDATION OF POWER
CORONATION.
- In feudal law the coronation required the nobility to swear an oath of loyalty to the King.
- A divine status that defined rebellion as a sin against God.
- Ceremony took place a week before Parliament met; no one could say later that Parliament had helped make him King.
FIRST PARLIAMENT
- Sovereignty confirmed
- Marriage to Elizabeth of York agreed.
PROPAGANDA
- Henry introduced what is known as the sovereign coinage
- Tudor Rose
OTHERS
- Marriage to Eizabeth of York
- Birth of a male heir quickly
- dealing with opposition and rebellions swiftly and fairly
- relatives secure outlying areas
GOVERNMENT
COUNCIL
- role ws to advise the king, administer the rail and make legal judgements. flexible meetings
- members including nobility (Lord Daubeney) churchmen (Morton and Fox) and laymen (Sir Reginald Bray)
COUNCIL LEARNED
- a small and highly professional legal committee that was a off shoot of the council introduced I 1495 to represent Henry as feudal landlord
- Dealt with all Crown lands, records of wardship, marriage and the collection of feudal dues that were owed to him.
- The Council Learned acted without a jury and as it actively advanced the position of the king, it had his full support.
- In 1504, Sir Richard Empson became Chancellor of the Duchy and President of the Council Learned.
COURT/HOUSEHOLD
- Centre of government wealth and power. The court was where the king was.
- distributed rewards status and could be used to influence. Courtiers had paid positions or received free food
- The Chamber was the most important part, therefore the Lord Chamberlain were the most influential courtiers.
- Henry VII’s addition of the privy chamber made it even harder for courtiers to gain favour.
PARLIAMENT
- commons and Lords only met occasionally and was not the centre of government they ha two functions pass laws and grant tax
- Met 7 times in Henry's reign and 5 met in the first 10 years
- early parliaments were mainly for security - attenders, wardships, customs revenues, taxes
LAW AND ORDER
NOBLE POSITIONING
- Edward IV had divided the country into spheres and created super magnates
- Magnate control mainly in the north (Stanley's to the NW and the Northumberland in the NE) when Northumberland was murdered Henry VII sent the Yorkist Earl of Surrey to prom loyalty
- Due to there still being magnates he didn't trust e.g Marquis of Dorset) he employed an excellent spying network and Bonds and recognisance.
JP's
- at a local level JP's maintained law and order in the countryside. met four times a year to administer justice at the quarter sessions
- local gentry who were unpaid - either they believed it their duty or be rewarded for good work
- Henry increased their powers over tax alehouse regulations so superseded the county sheriff
B&R'S
- King used bonds to enforce obedience and order
- bond = legal document which bound an individual to another to perform an action or forfeit a specified sum of money
- recognisances formal acknowledgement of a debt or obligation which is enforced by means of financial penalty
WALES AND THE NORTH
- provincial councils had a clearly defined function which originated before 1485. closely linked to the royal council and had similar administrative and judicial power. Had the authority to swiftly enforce the law and both were subordinate to Henry
- By placing his own men in both regions (the earl of Surrey and the Duke of Bedford) Henry did all that he possibly could maintain a personal form of government in every area of his remain.