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chapter 5 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - following the British surrender, they interned the Australians, British and other Europeans including women and children at the Sime Road Camp, Selarang Barracks and Changi Jail.
      - the Japanese also ordered the Allied prisoners of war (POW) to do menial tasks outside of their camps like repairing and cleaning dock facilities, doing water works and the airfields damaged by the Japanese bombs during the invasion. in camp, the POWS and other internees were given little food and were tasked toi do various jobs. as a result, many of them became very thin and malnourished.
      - many Eurasians were also treated harshly and many of them were interned with the Europeans. the Japanese despised the Eurasians because of their association with the Europeans. furthermore, many Eurasians were seen as British supporters so those suspected of helping the British were killed.
    - - the Japanese spread the idea that Asians were just as good as Europeans. in addition, they actively promoted Japanese culture. in schools, students had to sing the national anthem, Kimigayo, during the morning assembly, learn the Japanese language in place of English and take part in activities such as gardening and cleaning, that promoted Asian values such as hard work and humility.
      - movies, books, newspapers and radio broadcasts were also used for propaganda purposes.
    - - the Japanese introduced policies that aimed to win the support of different communities.
      - for the Malays, they encouraged them to be involved in the defence as well as the administration of Singapore. they promised to provide more opportunities in education in order to prepare them for these roles.
      - for the Indians, they were aware that some Indian immigrants were influenced by the rise of anti-British feelings in India. they promised to assist them in their movement to gain independence for India from the British. thus, the Indian National Army was formed to recruit Indians in Singapore to fight against the British in India. it was led by Subhas Chandra Bose, a nationalist leader form India.
      - for the Chinese, the Japanese became suspicious of them as the Chinese in Singapore opposed the Japanese invasion of China and some even volunteered to return to China to fight against the Japanese.
  - - - the Japanese tried to promote loyalty and obedience through force.. the Kempeitai, the Japanese military police, was sent to remove people who were suspected of being anti-Japanese. they carried out the Sook Ching or ' cleansing' operation that was aimed at removing anti-Japanese elements and it was targeted at the Chinese. all the Chinese men aged 18 to 50 had to report to mass screening centres such as the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) building at Stamford Road to be examined. the Straits-born Chinese were also made to report to the mass screening centres as the Japanese made no distinction between the Straits-born Chinese and the Chinese immigrants.
      - men who were identified as anti-Japanese in the Sook Ching screenings were taken to Changi Beach and other beaches to be executed. over 25,000 Chinese were estimated to have been killed in the Sook Ching.
      - the Kempeitai arrested those who were suspected of being anti-Japanese and used food or cash rewaeds to encourage people to inform the authorities of anyone whom they suspected was involved in anti-Japanese activities. thus, people became suspicious of one another as anyone could be accused of being anti-Japanese.
    - - the war had disrupted trade which limited the import of goods into Singapore from overseas. furthermore, most of the available resources were channelled to Japan's war efforts rather than to the people. thus, there was a shortage of goods and rationing was introduced to control the sale of items.
      - goods were sold at high prices in the black market because of its shortage. some people who worked for the Japanese were able to obtain more goods and sold to other people at very high prices on the black market. the Japanese government printed more notes whenever they saw a need for money. this decreases the value of the new currency introduced by them, making the situation worse. however, people found other ways to survive as they took extra jobs to earn extra money. a great number of women whom had never worked before joined the workforce and even young children chipped in to help. people also used substitutes for items that they lacked.
- - - - many felt attached to their homelands and they sent letters and heard from friends and relatives who returned from visits to their homelands
      - some of the wealthier immigrants started newspapers such as the Chinese-language Sin Che Jit Poh to report on news about their homelands
      - Chinese revolutionary movement led by Dr Sun Yat Sen. he believed that China would remain backward if it continued under the rule of the weak and corrupt Qing government. the movement aimed to remove the Qing government. many chinese in Singapore contributed funds to the revolutionary movement and even returned to China to fight against the Qing government. many Chinese men in Singapore expressed their patriotism towards China by enthusiastically cutting off their queues when the Qing government was overthrown
      - movement to gain independence for India from the British led by Mahatma Gandhi. the news of it influenced some of the Indian immigrants in Singapore and they expressed their support through the activities of the Indian Youth League.
    - - they thought of Singapore as their permanent home and many lived for a long time. some of those born in Singapore attended English-medium schools and became Westernised and adopted Western ways of dressing, customs and pastimes. they took pride in the British subjects and were able to work in the British colonial civil service due to the English education that they received.
- - - - insufficient food due to the disruption of trade and the black market still thrived as food was being sold at high prices
      - housing shortage and people had to live in cramped and overcrowded spaces. the rents were also high due to the housing shortage.
      - there was insufficient schools, teachers and textbooks to meet the demand for education.
      - there was a disruption of trade and businesses needed time to recover. some students entered the workforce only to find that jobs were limited.
  - - - from 1951, the Chinese Chamber of Comerce started to petition the British colonial government to consider granting citizenship to the China-born Chinese immigrants over the age of 21
    - - from 1948, the colonial government started to recruit more locals into the civil service, partly because many British officials who had been interned during the Japanese Occupation had been sent back to Britain to recuperate. however, British officials continued to enjoy better pay and to hold senior positions within the civil service even though locals were of the same standard and equally well-qualified as them. one issue that angered local civil servants was the government's decision in 1952 to pay speical family allowances to British officials. they opposed the government's unequal treatment of them and demanded that the government raise their pay.
    - - political groups emerged, suggesting there was an increased political consciousness. one party that emerged was the Malayan Democratic Union (MDU) and was formed on 21 December 1945 which comprised mainly local-born, English-educated Chinese, Indians and Eurasians. they often discussed how they wanted Singapore to be governed.
      - however, there were some people who were not interested in Singapore's political future and were more concerned with rebuilding their lives after the Japanese Occupation.