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biology chapter 7- animal nutrition - Coggle Diagram

- - - - used to repair or build tissues, bones or cartilage. also used to make enzymes, hormones and other body chemicals
        
        fish, meat, eggs
    - - insulation for warmth, support cell growth and give the body energy
        
        avocado, tofu, nuts, fish, peanut butter
    - - vitamins are organic substances which are only needed in small amounts
        
        lack of vitamins can cause a deficiency disease
        
        Sources
        
        Vitamin C
        
        Deficiency
        
        Scurvy
        
        Symptoms
        
        Bleeding under skin, swollen and bleeding gums, poor healing of wounds.
        
        Sources
        
        Citrus fruits, potatoes, and green vegetables.
        
        Use
        
        Growth and repair of tissues.
        
        Vitamin D
        
        Deficiency
        
        Rickets (children), osteomalacia (adults)
        
        Use
        
        Responsible for the formation and maintenance of healthy bones, required for the efficient absorption of calcium into our body.
        
        Sources
        
        Sunlight triggers vitamin D production in the skin, natural fats in the skin are converted to vitamin D by sunlight, dairy products, egg-yolk, liver and oily fish.
        
        Symptoms
        
        Soft bones
    - - are inorganic substances, also only needed in tiny amounts in the diet
        
        fish, beans, dried fruits
    - - mantain body temperature, and the balance of body fluids
    - - keeps the alimentary canal working properly
        
        muscles relax and squeeze the food along the canal (peristalsis)
      - keeps the digestive system in good order, prevents constipation
      - plant foods (vegetables, fruits), oats, wheat, barley, brown rice
    - - body's main source of energy, fuels up the body and build macromolecules
        
        rice, bread, pasta, potatoes
  - - - means being very fat
      - people with obesity have higher chances of heart diseases, diabetes, and strokes
      - extra weight on their legs can cause problems within the joints (knees)
      - can be prevented or 'cured' by dieting with a normal and balanced diet
        
        crash diets are not recommended as they will regain their normal obese weight after losing them because the person will not adapt to its new healthy diet in the short period of time
    - - Kwashiorkor
        
        Main cause of this disease is the lack of high-proteins or the lack of knowledge of which food is best for them. / protein deficiency disease
        
        Symptoms: underweight for their age and fat (due to the high intake of carbohydrates)
        
        common towards children from 9 months to 2 years old ( after they stop feeding on mother's breast milk)
      - Marasmus
        
        has less body weight than usual, looks emiciated, caused by nutrient deficiency
        
        Symptoms: Xeroderma; Muscle atrophy
      - malnutrition can also be caused when a diet is consuming too much of something (because its an unbalanced amount of each nutrient)
    - - caused by saturated fats (contain cholesterol) build up inside of the arteries causing them to become narrower and stiffer. Not enough blood can get through, heart muscles run short of oxygen and cannot function correctly
        
        dairy products (milk, butter) and red meat contain more saturated fat
        
        may lead to a heart disease/ heart attack
        
        can be prevented by consuming fish and white meat (instead of red meat), frying food with vegetable oil rather than butter
    - - go to vitamin node
      - lack of calcium
        
        brittle bones and teeth, poor blood clotting
      - anaemia
        
        lack of iron
        
        not enough red blood cells, hence not enough oxygen can be delivered to the tissues
- - - - Food enters the body through the mouth.
    - - Food is chewed
    - - In the mouth, salivary glands secrete amylase, which breaks down starch. The food is then pushed into the stomach by the oesophagus through a process called peristalsis.
        
        Food in the stomach will be digested by acid and enzymes such as protease.
        
        Pancreatic juice, protease, amylase, and lipase produced by the pancreas and bile produced by the liver stored in the gall bladder will be released into the duodenum to further break down the food.
    - - The simple molecules that result from chemical digestion will be absorbed into the bloodstream in the small intestine.
    - - The digested food molecules will be moved into the cells of the body where they are used. Undigested food will be passed into the large intestine, where water will be reabsorbed. At the end, faeces will be stored in the rectum.
    - - Faeces will leave the alimentary canal in the anus.
    - - Fats
        
        teeth breaks down large pieces to smaller
        
        Bile salts break down large drops of fat into smaller ones
        
        lipase then breaks down fat molecules to fatty acid and glycerol molecules
      - Proteins
        
        .
        
        teeth breaks down large pieces of food into smaller ones
        
        water in digestive juices dissolves some food
        
        protease breaks down protein molecules to polypetide molecules
        
        peptidases break down polyeptides into amino acid molecules
      - Carbohydrates
        
        teeth breaks down large pieces of food into smaller ones
        
        water in digestive juices dissolves some food
        
        amylase breaks starch molecules down to maltose molecules
        
        maltase breaks down maltose to glucose molecules
  - - - symptoms include dehydration
    - - people with serious diarrhoea can lose dangerous amounts of salts and water which can cause their tissues to stop working
    - - a type of fluid replacement used to prevent and treat dehydration
      - oral dehydration replaces and gives back what the body lost
  - - - When the bacteria is ingested, they embed themselves on the cell lining in the small intestine.
        
        The bacteria then produces a toxin that causes the chloride ions in the body to be released into the small intestine.
        
        Causes osmotic movement of water into the gut, causing diarrhoea, dehydration and loss of salts such as sodium and potassium.
- - - - chisel shaped
      - for biting off little pieces of food
      - single rooted teeth
    - - similar to insicors but sharper
    - - similar but bigger than pre-molars
      - double to 4 rooted teeth
      - larger surface area than pre-molar
    - - wide surfaces
      - for grinding food
      - double rooted teeth
  - - - enamel
        
        hard covering of the teeth that contains calcium
      - dentine
        
        a layer containing living cells
        
        not as hard as enamel
    - - pulp cavity
        
        containing blood vessels and uproot
      - fibres help to hold the tooth in the jawbone
      - jawbone
      - blood supply
        
        supplies blood for the teeh
  - - - teeth from ages 1-7
      - are the first set of teeth in the growth development of human
    - - comprised of 32 teeth
      - the second set of teeth formed in humans
      - starts growing in ages 6 and stops in about age 21
    - - the third and final set of molars that most people get in their late teens or early twenties
      - Sometimes these teeth can be a valuable asset to the mouth when healthy and properly aligned, but more often, they are misaligned and require remova
  - - - plague is easy to remove by brushing as first as it is soft
      - if plague is left to form tartar, it will harden and cannot be removed by brushing
    - - a set of inflammatory conditions affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth. also known as Periodontal disease
        
        symptoms
        
        In its early stage, called gingivitis, the gums become swollen, red, and may bleed.
      - when the plague is not removed, gum may be affected and bacteria will work its way down to the root of the teeth. if this occurs, the teeth will be loosened or be removed
    - - if sugar is left on the teeth, bacteria on the plague will feed on it
      - the acid will slowly desolve the enamel of the teeth, working their way down to the dentine as it dissolves faster than the enamel causing a hole (called a cavity)
      - can be prevented by regular visits and checkups by the dentist
        
        not consuming too much sugar
        
        using a fluoride toothpaste regularly
- - - - Food is first ingested using teeth, lips and tongue. The tongue mixes the food with saliva and forms bolus. Saliva is made in the salivary glands it is a mixture of water, mucus, and the enzyme amylase
    - - the oesophagus takes food down to the stomach. when you swallow, a piece of cartilage covers the entrance to the trachea. it is called the epiglottis, and it sopts food from going to the lungs.
    - - the stomach muscles contracts and relaxes to churn the food and mix it with the enzymes and mucus ( known as chyme).
        
        enzymes begins to digest proteins by breaking them down into polypeptides. pepsin works best in acidic conditions, also helps to kill bacteria. rennin is produced in the stomach
        
        also helps to kill bacteria. rennin is produced in the stomach. it causes milk in mothers to clot. the milk proteins are then broke down by pepsin
        
        after two hours, the sphincter at the bottom of the stomach opens and lets the chyme into the duodenum
      - the stomach contains goblet cells which secretes mucus
      - the main protease enzyme in the stomach is pepsin
    - - in the small intestine, enzymes are secreted into the duodenum. they are made in the pancreas. A tube called the pancreatic dict leads from the pancreas into the duodenum. pancreatic juice flows along this tube. This fluid contains many enzymes including amylase, proteins and lipase, they all break down starch to maltose, breaks down fats to glycerol respectively.
        
        features of how the small intestine is adapted for abosrbing digested nutrients
        
        about 5 metres in an adult human body
        
        gives enough time for digestion to be completed and for digested food to be absorbed as it flowly passes through
        
        contains villi, each of them covered in cells which have even smaller projections on them (microvilli)
        
        gives inner surface of the small intestine a larger surface area
        
        the larger the surface area, the faster nutrients can be absorbed
        
        villi contains blood capilaries
        
        monosaccharides, amino acids, water, mineralsand vitamins and some fats passinto the blood, to the liver then round the body
        
        villi have walls only one cell thick
        
        digested nutrients can pass through the wall easily to reach capillaries and lacteal
    - - bile also flows into the duodenum.
      - bile doesnt contain any enzymes. it does, however breaks up the large drops of fat into smaller ones (emulsification),
        
        done by salts in the bile. (type of mechanical digestion)
      - contains yellowish bile pigments
        
        made by the liver when it breaks down old red blood cells, bile pigments are made of haemoglobin
        
        not needed in the body so it will be excreted in faeces
    - - the small intestines makes enzymes by cells in its walls. the inner wall of all parts of the small intestine- the duodenum and ileum- is covered with millions of tiny projections. these are called villi
        ( 1mm long). cells covering the villi makes enzymes. they do not come out into the lumen of the small intestine. these enzymes complete the digestion of food. the carbohydrase enzyme maltase breaks down maltose to glucose.
        
        go to 'features ofhow the small intestine is adapted for abosrbing digested nutrients' for more information about villi
    - - in the digestive system, not all food can be digested, and this undigested food travels through the caecum, past the appendix into the colon. the caeum and appendix have no function. in the colon, more water and less salts are absorbed. However, the colon absorbs much less water than the small intestine. By the time the food reaches the rectum, all substances are absorbed in the blood. this mixture then forms feaces to be passed out through the anus