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Growth and Division of the Cell, Mitochondria and plastids constructed…
Growth and Division of the Cell
Growth Phase of the Cell Cycle
interphase
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S phase
endoreduplication
G2 phase
lasts 3 to 5 hours
the tublins necessary for spindle fibers are synthesized
also produces important proteins
after G2 division can occur
gene amplification, similar to endoreduplication
genes in nucleus replicated .
entire chromosomes replicated
half chromosome: chromatid
2 chromatids after S phase
chromosome twice as large, after this phase
G1 Phase
synthesis of nucleotides
length of this phase may vary
longest part of the cell cycle
Division phases of the cell cycle
karyokinesis
meiosis
Meiosis 1
Metaphase 1
metaphase plate formed
Anaphase 1
separate completely from each other, move to opposite ends of spindle
Prophase 1
pachytene
crossing over
new combinations of genes on each chromatid
zygotene
finds and pairs with the equivalent chromosomes
becomes bivalent
diplotene
can see tetrads
leptotene
chromosomes condense
diakinesis
homologs continue to separate
chromosomes become untangled and paired only at centromeres
Telophase 1
opposite of prophase II
chromosomes start to uncoil
nucleolus and nuclear envelope start to reappear
Meiosis II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Prophase II
Telophase II
each chromosome one chromatid
mitosis
duplication division
4 phases
Metaphase
chromosomes in cell center
number of chromosomes are doubled
Anaphase
begins just after cohesin releases centromeres
daughter chromosomes pulled away from each other
Prophase
condense
chromosome condensation; chromosomes become visible
nucleolus disappears
daughter sets move to different poles
spindle fibers
kinetochore, point of attachment
Telophase
reversal of those in prophase
spindle depolymerizes and disappears
form complete nuclear envelopes at each end of cell
cytokinesis
preprophase band plane of division
phragmoplast
in cell center
cell plate
vacuole division is accomplished with a phragmosome
cell is divided
Cell division in Algae
Nuclei
unusual mitosis
dinoflagellates have no histones
cytokinesis
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plasma membrane pinches in two
Cell Division of Prokaryotes
mitosis and meiosis nonexistent
short; around 20 min
cytokinesis
process of infurrowing
Division of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
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needs at least one mitochondrion and one plastid
continuous
Mitochondria and plastids constructed like prokaryotes
interphase comes before the stages of Mitosis
Both go through cytokinesis
