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Ch. 7 Use of the Energy Nutrients: Metabolism and Balance - Coggle Diagram
Ch. 7 Use of the Energy Nutrients: Metabolism and Balance
Metabolism
two major chemical reaction
catabolism
splitting complex substances into simpler substances
end products of include carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are carbon dioxide , water, and energy
anabolisms
using absorbed nutrients to build or synthesize more complex compounds
anabolic processes require energy
ex: to build new muscle tissues or bone , secretion of cellular products as hormones
Delivery of nutrients to cells where needed
delivery of waste products to sites where they can be excreted
after absorption of the macronutrients , glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids can be used to yield energy via a common pathway within the mitochondria of cells
Cofactor
function in the same way as coenzymes but the molecule required is a mineral or electrolyte
Krebs cycle ( aka Citric acid cycle)
converts glucose, fatty acids, amino acids to a usable form of energy, requiring many enzymes
Liver
plays major regulatory role by controlling the kinds and quantitites of nutrients in the blood stream
all monosaccharides are converted to glucose in the liver to provide energy supply for cells
Role of Kidneys
removes waste products from the blood and along with the liver, control the levels
metabolic end products are filtrated by the kidneys and removed from the blood
Filtration and Absorption
help maintain nutrient balance within the body
ability to reabsorb nutrients may be altered b y certain medications, especially diuretics, or a kidney disorder
Glycemic Index
measureds the effect of different carbohydrates on blood glucose levels
INsulin
increases fat synthesis
Protein Metabolism
Anabolism
depends on the presence of all essential amino acids simultaneously
small reservoir of amino acids is available for anabolism and to maintain the dynamic state of equilibrium
Catabolism
catabolized principally in the liver but may also occur in muscles and kidneys
remove nitrogen grouping from amino acids, yielding a carbon skeleton and ammonia
Carbon Skeletons
used to make nonessential amino acids
used to produce energy via the Krebs cycle
converted to fats and stored as fatty tissue
amino acids are transported through the portal vein into the liver
liver acts as an aminostat, monitoring the intake and berakdown of the most amino acids
constant dynamic state, with catabolism and anabolism occurring continuously to replace worn out protiens in cells
Lipid Metabolism
principal regulator of fat metabolism and lipoprotein synthesis
lipolysis: splitting or decomposition of fat
triglycerides can be synthesized in the intestinal mucosa, adipose tissue, and liver
Ketosis
accumulation of ketone bodies
may lead to ketoacidosis, acidic condition due to accumulation of large quantities of ketone bodies in the blood
Alcohol Metabolism
alcohol is considered a drug but the calories it provides can be used by the body for energy, providing approximately 7 cal/g.
when consumed in large amounts can be toxic
metabolized primarily in the liver
Metabolistic Interrelationships
most excess food intake in the form of protein, carbohydrates, fat, or alcohol will store as adipose tissue, also known as body fat
protein from the metabolic pool of amino acids and in lean muscle mass is generally not considered a good source of energy but it can be used for energy if caloric intake is below caloric expenditure
vitamins and minerals are also essential for digestion , abosrption, and metabolism of carbohydrates , protein, and fat
the interrelationships are important and optimal use of nutrient, food sources of all the nutrients should be consumed
optimal way to obtain proper nutrition is to include a variety of foods from all the food groups
Energy balance
proper energy balance for stable weight is maintained when caloric intake equals the amount of energy needed for body processes and physical activities
Government recommends 1600 cal/day for women and 2200 cal/day for men
appetite: desire to eat
Hunger: physiologic drive to eat, regulated by a complex network of factors
Hunger and appetite both affect weight greatly
1;bs of body fat = 3500 cal
frequently used in the same sense as hunger but it usually implies desire for specific types of food and is related to the pleasurable sensation of eating
Inadequate Energy Intake
deficiency in energy intake may result in a depressed rate of growth in the children and weight loss in adults
decreased fat stores are normally the goal, however, loss of muscle may be an undesired side effect
May result in malnutrition and become a serioujs problem in the face of a physiological stressful situation