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Connected speech (Sandhi-variation) - Coggle Diagram
Connected speech
(Sandhi-variation)
Concept
-The tendency to run together. -Placing together sounds within and between words.
Adjustments
Those phenomena where the sounds are added, lost or modified.
Objective
-Law of economy.
-Organs of speech, instead of taking a new position for each sound, tend to draw sounds together.
Contractions, blends and reductions
Blinding
It refers to any two-word sequence in which the word boundary is blurred.
Contractions
Word boundaries where the blurringis indicated
via a conventionalized written form
.
E.g. There're, who'll, this's
Blends
Contracted spoken forms that
don't have a conventional written form
.
E.g. We've, he's, I'm
Phrase reductions
Word boundaries blurring together.
E.g. Gonna, wanna, hafta, kinda
All written contractions represent a spoken blending, but not all spoken blendings are conventionalized as orthographic contractions.
Linking
It’s the connecting of the final sound of one word or syllable to the initial sound of the next.
It's going to depend on the informality of the situation, the rate of speaking and the individual speech profile.
Five types of environments
Insertion of /y/ and /w/ glides with V+V sequences
E.g.
/y/
Try-y-out
/w/
Go-w-away
Intervocalic consonant sharing in VC+V sequences
E.g. Kee-p-out
Resyllabification in CC+V sequences
E.g. Fin-dout
Lengthened articulation of consonant with geminate consonants
E.g.
Classroom management
[m:]
Unreleased consonant in stop + stop or stop + affricate sequences
E.g. Pet cat
[p°k]
Assimilation
It’s a giving sound (the assimilating sound) that takes on the characteristics of the neighboring sound (the conditional sound).
Progressive (perseverative)
Final sound of the stem (Conditioning sound) = Voiced (lenis) or voiceless (fortis) form of the suffix (Assimilated sound)
E.g. Bags and moved /bægz ænd muwvd/
Regressive (Anticipatory)
Assimilated sound + conditioning sound = Regressive assimilation [Change of phoneme]
n + k or g = /ŋ/
n or nd + p or b = /m/
d, v, z + to = /t/, /f/, /s/
E.g. Have to, Bank
/hæfə/ /bæŋk/
Other names that are related mainly with the regressive:
3 more items...
Coalescent
Sound A + Sound B = Sound C [Two sounds create a third one]
Palatalization
/s, z, t, d, ts, d, ʤ/ + /y/ = /ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, tʃ, dʒ, dʒ/
E.g. This year, Does your, Would you...
Dissimilation
It’s when adjacent sounds become more different from each other. [It’s rare in English]
E.g. Fifths, sixth
/fɪfθs/ /sɪksθ/ = /fifts/ /sikst/
Deletion
In this process, sounds disappear or are not clearly articulated in certain contexts.
Typical environments
Loss of /t/ when /nt/ is between two vowels or before a syllabic [l]
(Nasalization)
E.g. /t/ Win(t)er, Toron(t)o, En(t)er, Man(t)le
Loss of /t/ or /d/ when they occur second in a sequence or cluster of three consonants.
(Cluster reduction)
E.g. /t/ res(t)less, lis(t)less, exac(t)ly
/d/ Win(d)mill, Kin(d)ness, han(d)s
Deletion of word-final /t/ or /d/ in clusters of two when the following word begins with a consonant (No deletion before /h, y, w, r/).
-Clusters with final /nt, lt, rt, rd/ don’t typically simplify (Plant food, bird feeder).
E.g. Eas(t) side, Blin(d) man
Syncope
is the loss of an unstressed medial vowel /ə/ and /i/ following a strongly stressed syllable in certain multisyllabic words.
E.g. Choc(o)late, ev(e)ry, ev(e)ning, cam(e)ra, myst(e)ry, hist(o)ry /ˈʧɔklət/ /ˈɛvəri/ /ˈivnɪŋ/ /ˈkæmərə/ /ˈmɪstəri/ /ˈhɪstəri/
If the last syllable is stressed, syncope doesn’t occur.
E.g. Separate (verb) Separate (Adjective)
/ˈsɛpəˌreɪt/ /ˈsɛprət/
Aphasis:
It loss the unstressed initial vowel or syllable in highly informal speech.
E.g. ’cause, ’bout, ’round
Loss of the first non-initial /r/ in a word that has another /r/ in the following syllable
(disappearing /r/)
Loss of final /v/ in
of
before words with initial consonants - /ə/
Loss of initial /h/ and /ð/.
E.g. Ask her, help him, tell them - Asker, Helpim, tellem
Epenthesis
It refers to the process whereby a vowel or consonant is inserted in an existing sequence, in simple words, is the addition of one or more sounds to a word.
/ə/ is added to break up sibilant cluster: Buzzes
/ə/ is added to break up alveolar stop clusters: Graded
/t/ is used to facilitate the pronunciation of the cluster /ns/: Prince /prɪnts/
/p/ is added to facilitate the pronunciation of the cluster /mf/: Comfort - /ˈkʌmpfərt/