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Chapter 5: Connected Speech - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 5: Connected Speech
What is connected speech or Sandhi-variation?
It refers to the differences in the pronunciation of words or endings that depend on the environment in which these occur.
Also, it results from a simple law of economy, whereby the organs of speech, instead of taking a new position for each sound, tend to draw sounds together with the purpose of saving time and energy.
What are adjustments for?
The main function of most of the adjustments is to promote the regularity of English rhythm - that is, to squeeze syllables between stressed elements and facilitate their articulation so that regular timing can be maintained.
What is linking?
Linking is the connecting of the final sound of one word or syllable to the initial sound of the next.
The rules that govern this issue
Linking will depend on:
Informality of the situation
The rate of speaking.
Individual speech profile (or idiolect) of the speaker.
How many types of linking are there?
There are five types of linking
* Insertion of /y/ and /w/ glides with V + V sequences:
It commonly occurs when a word or syllable ends in a tense vowel or diphthong and the next word or syllable begins with a vowel.
E.g. b
e y a
ble; tr
y y o
ut
* Intervocalic consonant sharing in VC + V sequences:
The consonant in VC + V sequences "straddles" both syllables:
E.g. ke
e p o
ut; dre
a m o
n
*Resyllabification in CC + V sequences:
When a word or syllable terminating in a consonant cluster is followed by a word or syllable commencing with a vowel, the final consonant of the cluster is often pronounced as part of the following syllable.
E.g. lef/
t a
rm = /leftɑrm/; fin/
d o
ut = /fayn.dawt/
*Lengthened articulation of consonant with geminate consonants:
When two identical consonants come together as a result of the juxtaposition of two words, there is one single, elongated articulation of the consonant.
E.g. stop [p:] pushing; short [t:] time
* Unreleased consonant in stop + stop or stop + affricate sequences:
When a stop consonant is followed by another stop or by an affricate, the first stop is not released.
E.g. pet [tºk] cat; soap [pºd] dish
What is assimilation?
Assimilation is a process during which a given sound (the assimilating sound) takes on the characteristics of a neighboring Sound (the conditioning sound).
How many types are there?
There are three types of assimilation in English:
(1) progressive (or perseverative),
(2) regressive (or anticipatory), and
(3) coalescent.
Write the formula for each type of assimilation:
Progressive:
If Ci changes to become like Cf in some way, then the assimilation is called progressive.
Regressive:
If Cf changes to become like Ci in some way, then the assimilation is called regressive.
Coalescent:
A final t, d and an initial j following often combine to form tʃ, dʒ, so that ‘not yet’ is pronounced /nɑtʃet/ and ‘could you’ is /kudʒu/.
What is palatalization? Provide examples and write its formula.
In palatalization the final alveolar consonants /s, z, t, d/ or the final alveolar consonant sequences /ts, dz/ are followed by initial palatal /y/.
/s/ + /y/ = /ʃ/ E.g. Thi
s y
olk tastes disgusting.
/z/ + /y/ = /ʒ/ E.g. Doe
s y
our house have a black roof?
/t/ + /y/ = /tʃ/ E.g. It doesn’t matter wha
t y
ou think.
/ts/ + /y/ = /tʃ/ E.g. Mark accep
ts y
our opinion.
/d/ + /y/ = /dʒ/ E.g. Woul
d y
ou like this car?
/dʒ/ + /y/ = /dʒ/ E.g. Please, chan
ge y
our point of view!
What is dissimilation? Provide examples.
The process of dissimilation occurs when adjacent sounds become more different from each other (rather than more similar, as is the case with assimilation). It is rare in English and not an active process.
E.g. Su(r)prised, southe(r)ner
What is deletion? Explain each type and provide examples.
In this process, sounds disappear or are not clearly articulated in certain contexts.
Loss of /t/ when /nt/ is between two vowels or before a syllabic [l]:
E.g. /t/ wan
t
ed, in
t
ernet, coun
t
ed
Loss of /t/ or /d/ when they occur second in a sequence or cluster of three consonants:
E.g.
/t/ Hones
t
ly, pries
t
ly
/d/ Blan
d
ness, roun
d
ness
* Deletion of word-final /t/ or /d/ in clusters of two at a word boundary when the following word begins with a consonant other than /h, y, w, r/.
E.g.
Ancien
t
floor
Absolve
d
man
Syncope is the loss of an unstressed medial vowel /ə/ or /I/ following a strongly stressed syllable in certain multisyllabic words.
E.g. Choc
o
late, rest
au
rant
* Loss of the first noninitial /r/ in a word that has another /r/ in a following syllable (also known as disappearing /r/)
E.g. Feb
r
uary, gove
r
nor, su
r
prise.
* Loss of final /v/ in of (and reduction to schwa) before words with initial consonants:
E.g.
Lots
of
money
Waste
of
time
Hearts
of
palm
* Loss of initial /h/ and /o/ in pronominal forms in connected speech:
E.g. ask
h
er, help
h
im, tell
th
em
What is Epenthesis?
Epenthesis refers to the process whereby a vowel or consonant is inserted in an existing sequence.
What is the difference between assimilation and epenthesis? Exemplify.
In assimilation, a sound can be affected by the neighboring sound, and the epenthesis consists of inserting a new sound. Both share a function; to ease the pronunciation.
Assimilation = the /p/ causes the /nd/ to be articulated as /m/:
E.g. Grandpa /græmpa/
Epenthesis = /p/ used to facilitate the pronunciation of the cluster /mf/:
E.g. Comfort /kʌmpfərt/