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Oceans, Waves/Tides/Tsunamis, THC - Coggle Diagram
Oceans
Waves
constructive waves - low energy and builds up beaches, strong swash and weak backwash
destructive waves - high energy and erodes beaches, weak swash and strong backwash
depends on energy, fetch (distance) and
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ENSO
La Niña
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Occasionally the trade winds that blow west across the tropical Pacific are stronger than normal leading to increased upwelling off South America
El Niño
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The normal flow of water away from South America decreases and ocean water piles up (relatively) off South America.
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More rain in the east, dry in the west
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Normal Conditions
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Warm, rising air in the west causes the low pressure. The rising air condenses into clouds and rain falls. The colder east Pacific is relatively dry.
The trade winds blow in a westerly direction along the equator and push ocean water west, piling the water up higher in the Western Pacific
Effects on NZ
El Niño
NZ has stronger or more frequent winds from the west in summer, resulting in drought in east coast areas and more rain in the west. In winter, the winds from the south, making the land and surrounding ocean colder.
La Niña
More NE winds occur, bringing moist, rainy conditions to the NE of the North Island, and reduced rainfall to the south and SW of the South Island. Warmer than normal temperatures typically occur over much of the country during La Niña.
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Ocean Acidification:
CO2 is dissolved into an aqueous state in the ocean. Hydronium forms which increases the acidity of the ocean and this effectively competes against marine life for shell structures.
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Energy/Heat Transfer
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Kinetic energy transferred by waves, from wind
Global climate impacted by heat circulation in the oceans, bringing heat to polar areas and sinking the heat into the deep ocean to enable global cooling
Carbon Cycle 
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Waves/Tides/Tsunamis
Tides
The rising and falling of sea level. This is due to the gravitational force of the sun and moon pulling on the Earth. Tides are usually formed in the oceanic region. The tides position is relatively fixed even though the Earth remains spinning.
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Tsunamis
Tsunamis are the resultant of a disturbance on the ocean seafloor - e.g. tectonic plate movements. The strength and magnitude of a tsunami are relative to the energy transferred and the displacement of water.
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