Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Chapter 5: Connected Speech - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 5: Connected Speech
Words that have the tendency to run together.
The pronunciation of words or endings that depend on the environment in which these occur.
Adjustments
To promote the regularity of English rhythm, that is, to squeeze syllables between stressed elements and facilitate their articulation so that regular timing can be maintained.
Linking
The smooth connection of words. The connection of the final sound of one word or syllable to the initial sound of the next.
1. Insertion of /y/ and /w/ glides with V+V sequences
• When a word or syllable ends in a tense vowel or diphthong and the next word begins with a vowel.
• Insertion of a /y/ glide follows /iy/, /ey/, /ay/, and /ɔy/, either word-internally or between words.
B
ei
ng, cr
yi
ng. Sta
y u
p, Ro
y A
*dams.
• Insertion of a /w/ glide follows /uw/, /ow/, and /aw/, either word-internally or between words.
Bl
ui
sh, h
owe
ver, d
o i
t,
g
o a
way.
2. Intervocalic consonant sharing in VC + V sequences
When a word or syllable ending in a single consonant is followed by a word or syllable beginning with a vowel.
Dream on – dre
a m o
n, keep out – ke
e p o
ut
3. Resyllabification in CC + V sequences
A word or syllable terminating in a consonant cluster is followed by a word or syllable commencing with a vowel. The final consonant of the cluster is often pronounced as part of the following syllable.
Hats off: hat/
s o
ff /hæt.sɔf/
Pushed up: Push/
ed u
p /pʊʃ.tʌp/
4. Lengthened articulation of consonant with geminate consonants
Two identical consonants come together as a result of the juxtaposition of two words, there is one single, elongated articulation of the consonant.
Shor
t t
ime [tː]
Les
s s
erious [sː]
5. Unreleased consonant in stop + stop or stop + affricate sequences
When a stop consonant is followed by another stop or by an affricative the first stop is not released.
Swee
t p
ie
Ba
d sh
oes.
It will depend on a number of factors, such as the formality of the situations, the rate of speaking, and the individual speech profile of the speaker.
Assimilation
Changing the voicing and/or the point of articulation of adjacent sounds so as to make them more similar.
1. Progressive assimilation
Regular plural /s/ versus /z/ alternation in which the final sound of the stem conditions the voiced or voiceless form of the suffix It also occurs in the regular /t/ versus /d/ alternation.
Bags: /g/ /bæg ‑› z/
Moved /v/ /muwv ‑› d/
Another case is in some contractions and in some reductions.
It is: it’s = /ɪt + ɪz = ɪts/
had to = /hædə/
2. Regressive assimilation
The assimilated sound precedes and is affected by the conditioning sound.
The /p/ causes the /nd/ to be articulated as /m/.
The /k/ causes the /n/ to be articulated as /ŋ/.
An initial /b/ can cause that a final /n/ to be articulated as /m/.
An initial /g/ can cause that a final /n/ to be articulated as /ŋ/.
The voiceless /t/ of “to” after a modal is the conditioning sound that causes the voiced /v/, /z/, and /d/ preceding it to assimilate and become voiceless /f/, /s/, and /t/.
Negative prefix: in-, im-, ir-, il- when the following sound is a bilabial, the organs of speech approach a position closer to that of the conditioning sound to produce -im.
When followed by the liquids /l/ and /r/, the negative prefix is conditioned or changed to il- and ir- respectively.
Assimilates sounds often become identical to the conditioning sound.
[/s/ + /ʃ/ = /ʃː/ or /z/ + /ʃ/ = /ʃː/]
A final /t/ or /d/ may assimilate to a following initial /p,k/ or /b,g/.
3. Coalescent assimilation
The first and second sounds in a sequence come together and mutually condition the creation of a third sound with features from both originals sounds.
Palatalization
The raising of the tongue toward the hard palate in the pronunciation of a sound.
• Final alveolar /s/ followed by initial palatal /y/ becoming in the palatalized fricative /ʃ/.
He’s coming thi
s y
ear.
• Final alveolar /z/ followed by initial palatal /y/ becoming in the palatalized fricative /ʒ/.
Doe
s y
our mother know?
• Final alveolar /t/ followed by initial palatal /y/ becoming in the palatalized fricative /tʃ/.
Is tha
t y
our dog?
• Final alveolar /ts/ followed by initial palatal /y/ becoming in the palatalized fricative /tʃ/.
He ha
tes y
our mother.
• Final alveolar /d/ followed by initial palatal /y/ becoming in the palatalized fricative /dʒ/.
Woul
d y
ou mind moving.
• Final alveolar /dʒ/ followed by initial palatal /y/ becoming in the palatalized fricative /dʒ/.
She nee
ds y
our help.
Dissimilation
When adjacent sounds become more different from each other.
Break up a sequence of three fricatives by replacing the second with a stop as in the final cluster of fifths: /fɪfθs/ = [fθs] as [fts].
The word chimney /ʧɪmney/ [mmey], with dissimilation, it becomes in “chimley” because the two nasals changed to an [l] as [mley].
Deletion
Also known as omission. It happens when sounds disappear or are not clearly articulated in certain contexts.
1. Loss of /t/ when /nt/ is between two vowels or before a syllabic[ḷ] .
Win
t
er, en
t
er, man
t
le.
2. Loss of /t/ or /d/ when they occur second in a sequence or cluster of three consonants.
/t/ exactly.
/d/ kindness.
3. Deletion of word-final /t/ or /d/ in clusters of two at a word boundary when the following word begins with a consonant other than /h, y. w, r/.
Eas
t
side.
East hill.
Syncope is the loss of an unstressed medial vowel /ə/ or /i/ following a strongly stressed syllable in certain multisyllabic words
Choc
o
late, hist
o
ry, myst
e
ry.
5. Loss of the first noninitial /r/ in a word that has another /r/ in a following syllable.
Feb
r
uary, gove
r
nor.
6. Loss of final /v/ in of before words with initial consonants.
Lots
of (/ə/)
money, Waste
of (/ə/)
time.
7. Loss of initial /h/ and /ð/ in pronominal forms in connected speech
Ask
h
er. Tell
th
em.
Epenthesis
The process whereby a vowel or consonant is inserted in an existing sequence.
The most important type of epenthesis occurs with the addition of the regular plural -s and the past tense -ed endings.
/ə/ used to break up sibilant clusters with -s.
/ə/ used to break up alveolar stop clusters with -ed.
The second common type of epenthesis occur in connected speech is the insertion of a consonant cluster.
/t/ used to facilitate the pronunciation of the cluster /ns/.
/p/ used to facilitate the pronunciation of the cluster /mf/.