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Antioxidants, Vitamin E, Vitamin C, Vitamin A, Food Sources, source, Liver…

- - - - is a cofactor for
        
        glutathione peroxidase enzyme which protects cell membranes
        
        B-vitamin and riboflavin are essential
      - selenium spares the use of vitamin E by reducing the number of free radicals for vitamin E to neutralize
    - - Keshan's disease
        
        symptoms
        
        cardiomyopathy
        
        Severe joint pain
      - seen when people consume local foods grown
        on selenium depleted soil
    - - symptoms
        
        fatigue
        
        neurological damage
        
        irritability
        
        eventual hair loss
        
        brittle nails
      - cause
        
        supplement use >1 mg / day
      - a bit increase in risk of diabetes in men
    - - animal
        
        meats, fish, shellfish, egg, milk
      - plants
        
        grains, seeds, and fresh produce grown in Selenium rich soil
      - No concern in loss; is stable to normal temperature
    - - 60%-90% absorption
      - mostly associated with amino acids
        
        active Se
        
        selenocysteine
        
        storage Se
        
        selenomethionine
      - Kidney controls homeostasis in the body
      - is potentially toxic mainly when use supplements
    - - Thyroid hormones
        
        Convert
        
        T4 (thyroxine)
        
        T3 (tridothyronine)
        
        Regulate basal metabolic rate
        
        Regulate growth and development
        
        Regulate body temperature
- - - - is acute if the intake is 800-1200 mg/day: RDA =15 mg/day or over
- - - - fatigue and lethargy
- - - - free iron act like free radical, cause cellular damage
- - - - ascorbic acid
    - - dehydroascorbic acid
- - - - Antioxidant role
        
        captures free radicals (oxygen-based) in cell membranes that damage PUFA in phospholipid cell membranes
        
        Important in lung cell membranes due to increased ROS exposure
        
        prevents DNA and other cellular compounds from oxidative damage of membranes
        
        may increase risk of cancer if deficient
  - - - keeps dietary Iron in Fe2+ state
      - increases non-heme iron absorption in plant
    - - needed to
        
        maintain connective tissues, skin, tendons, blood vessels
        
        prevent bruise
        
        ensure wound healing
- - - - bleeding gums
      - loose teeth
      - painful joints
      - failure of wounds healing
      - weakness
      - petechiae
        
        pinpoint hemorrhage on face and limbs
    - - widespread tissue breakdown
    - - smokers
      - burn patients
        
        why?
        
        skin repair needs collagen
      - alcoholics
- - - - if deficient in early life can affect jaw development and dental/nutritional health
  - - - increased risk of infection
      - decreased absorption through intestinal cells
  - - - Night Blindness
        
        slow sight recovery from flashes of light in dim environment
        
        can progress to blindess
    - - Xerophthalmia (dry eye) due to role of vitamin A in health of epithelial cells
        
        Symptoms
        
        Mucous secretions decrease
        
        cornea ruptures (scarring/blindness)
        
        infection
        
        ulceration
        
        Bitot's spots (lesion)
  - - - ex. measles
- - - - pro-oxidant action which increases cancer rates
  - - - only animal foods can be toxic not plants
        
        teratogenic to fetuses
- - - - non-toxic due to low rate of absorption and inefficient conversion to retinoid forms
      - hypercarotenemia
        
        cause skin to change to orange colour, reversible, harmless
    - - no known deficiency symptoms due to being a...
        
        non-essential nutrient
      - MAY contribute to increased damage of DNA and onset of cancer or heart disease
    - - adipose tissue
      - subcutaneous fat layer
      - liver
    - - in-vitro antioxidant function but not clear in humans
      - neutralizes free radicals to protects against oxidation of cell membranes and LDL
        
        may reduce risk of cancer and atherosclerosis
      - carotenoid with greatest biological activity in the body
    - - protects skin from sun damage
      - protects eyes against age in macula
      - immune system support
        
        anti-inflammatory in moderate doses but pro-inflammatory in high doses
    - - Apricots
      - Yams baked without skin
      - Papaya
      - food preparation
        
        moderate cooking can enhance availability, add fats to enhance absorption
      - found in plant foods
- - - - Non-antioxidant roles
        
        Immune Function
        
        Vitamin A needed to produce immune cells (T-cells) to fight infections
        
        ex. measles
        
        Growth, Development and Reproduction
        
        cell-diffrentiation
        
        retinoic acid acts on DNA and codes for specific proteins in cells
        
        bone
        
        enzymes needed in osteoclasts to permit breakdown of bone for growth
        
        Vision
        
        light strikes retina and converts cis-retinal to trans-retinal in rhodopsin, sending nerve impulse of image to brain
        
        cornea requires Vitamin A
        
        Health of Mucous membranes in epithelial tissue
        
        Protects against infection in skin, lungs, cornea, urinary tract, bladder
      - Antioxidant Roles
        
        Quenches free radicals to
        
        Protect LDL from oxidation
        
        reduce risk of cancer, heart disease, atherosclerosis