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Research Methods A-Level Psychology - Coggle Diagram
Research Methods
A-Level Psychology
Hypothesis:
A statement predicting the outcome of research
Directional:
Indicates a direction in the prediction.
One-Tailed (Hypothe-Fish).
Non-Directional:
Does not indicate a direction in the prediction.
Two-Tailed (Hypothe-Fish).
Experimental:
Statement of what will happen.
Null:
A statement that predicts no difference or correlation in results.
Alternative:
States that there is a relationship between the two variables being studied. (IV & DV)
Validity:
Whether something is true - Measures what it sets out to measure.
Internal:
Whether the results were due to the manipulation of the IV
Construct:
How far a variable is measured in relation to the whole concept.
Concurrent:
Comparing a new test with another of the same subject to see if they produce similar results.
External:
Whether it is possible to generalize the results beyond the settings
Ecological:
Can the findings of a study able to generalized into real-life settings
Mundane Realism:
Refers to how a stimulated task reflects those in the real world.
Reliability:
Whether something is consistent and can be replicated.
Test Re-Test:
When the Procedure can easily be replicated to test for any anomalies or general consistency.
Inter-Rater:
When 2 or more Psychologists agree on the consistency of the study.
Variables:
Something from a situation or participants that can effect the findings in a study.
Independent:
The variable that is manipulated.
Dependent:
The variable that is measured.
Extraneous:
Variables that cannot be controlled, that may effect the DV.
Confounding:
Variables that are mistakenly changed or allowed to vary along with the IV which then affects the DV.
Controlled:
Variables that are held constant/controlled.
Participant:
A variable related to the participant that can effect the results.
Sampling:
Random Sampling:
Technique where everyone in the target population has an equal chance of being selected
Event Sampling:
Types of Data.
Quantitative Data:
Numerical Data.
Averages:
-Mean
-Range
-Mode
-Median
Negative Correlation:
One increases while the other decreases.
Qualitative Data:
Descriptive Information that is expressed in words.
Questionnaires.
Secondary Data:
Information that is used but founded by someone else.
Primary Data:
Information collected by the researcher him/herself.
Ethics
4 Principles
Integrity:
Responsibility:
Valuing the responsibility to clients/public and general profession of Psychology.
Competence
Respect:
Valuing the dignity and worth of all persons involved in the study.
BPS Guidance:
Remember as 'DRIPPD' - Dripped.
Informed Consent:
Should ensure that the participants know the full extent of the experimentation giving consent.
Privacy and Confidentiality:
Information provided by participants in research is not made available to other people if/when published.
Right to withdraw:
Given the right to withdraw from the study at any time. Also can request any data to be destroyed.
Deception:
Intentional deception over the purpose of the study. Must be strong scientific/medical reason to justify this.
Debrief:
Should be fully debriefed and made aware of true aims of study either before or after.
Demand Characteristics:
Things that cause the participants to guess the aims of a study and change their natural behaviors.
Designs:
Repeated Measures:
Where each participant takes part in both/all conditions of the IV.
A B
A B
A B
A B
Counter Balancing:
Used to overcome the problems of practice and order effects.
Order Effects:
How the positioning of tasks influences the outcome of the study.
Matched Pairs Design:
When pairs of participants are matched on important characteristics.
A B
1 2
Independent Designs Measure:
Where each participant only takes part in one condition of the IV.
1 2 3 4
A B A B
Groups.
Control Group:
Group that is treated normally. Used to compare against the Experimental Group.
Experimental Group:
The group that receives the experimental condition.
Operationalising:
Clearly stating how the IV and DV are measured so that they can easily be replicated.
Falsifiability:
A theory could only be considered scientific if in principle, it was possible to establish it as fake.
Field Experiment Characteristics:
Laboratory Experiment Characteristics: