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Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems, crosslink: these visible…
Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems
Basic Types of Cells and Tissues
Collenchyma
require more glucose for their producation
has primary walls that are thin in some areas
provide support
Sclerechyma
third basic type of cell and tissue
had primary wall and thick secondary wall
absorb water so powerful that they can swell and stretch their walls
Fibers
long, flexible and are found in areas where strength is important
Sclereids
short, act brittle and inflexible
Parenchyma
Glandular Cells
they transport large quantities of sugar and minerals into themselves
Transfer Cells
medicate short-distance transport of materials
increase their surface area by having extensive knobs , ridges, and other ingrowths in the inner surface of the walls
Chlorenchyma Cells
have numerous chloroplasts and thin walls
parenchyma cells involved in photosythesis
External Organization of Stems
Internodes
the regions between nodes
ability to elongate, either from its base or from its extremity
Axillary bud
a miniature shoot with a dormant apical meristem and young leaves
vegetative bud if it will grow into a flower or group of flowers
Nodes
the part of a plant stem from which one or more leaves emerge
structural support and where healing take place.
terminal bud
tip of each stem
allows plants to grow taller
bud scales
small, corky, waxy buds
protect delicate organs inside
Phyllotaxy
arrangement of leaves on the stem
leaves are arranged in only two rows
stolons
long, thin, extent greatly without using much nutrients
runner that takes root at points along its length to form new plants
bulbs
short shoots that have thick, fleshy leaves
Concepts
Eudicots
broadleaf plants like roses, asters, maples, etc.
Body of a Herb
Stems
During the winter, they store sugars and other nutrients. They also produces leave and hold them up to the sunlight
Roots
Absorb water and dissolve materials
Leaves
carryout photosythesis
Monocots
examples: grass, lilies, cattails, palms, and etc.
Primary plant body
two organ systems: shoot stems and root system
Angiosperms
Group has over 297,00o species and is the largest division in the plant kinddom
Secondary plant body
vascular tissue is added as the plant grows
Internal Organization of Stems
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Vascular Tissue
just thin sheets of cells for small organsims
distribution of sugars, minerals, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
two types of vascular tissue
xylem which conducts water and materials
phleom which distributes sugars and minerals
Xylem
two types of conducting cells
tracheids
water-conducting cell in the xylem which lacks perforations in the cell wall.
vessel elements
typically found in flowering plants
Cortex
interior the the epidermis
quite simple is some plants, but in other it is very complex
the surface layer or "skin" of the nonfruiting part of the body of some lichens.
Phloem
two type of conducting cells
sieve cells
highly organized tissue that transports organic compounds made during photosynthesis
sieve tube members
maintaining cells and transporting necessary molecules with the help of companion cells
companion cells
often smaller, have a prominent nucleus and dense cytoplasm filled with ribosomes
they are vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other metabolic products
Epidermis
barrier against invasion by fungi and small insects
ts waxy cuticle provide a protective barrier against mechanical injury, water loss, and infection
the outermost surface of a cell
Vascular Bundles
located just interior to the cortex
are collateral
in which each contain a xylem and phloem strands running parallel to each other
arranged in one ring surrounding the pith
Stem Growth and Differentiation
protophloem
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whereas in gymnosperms and ferns it contains sieve cells
consists of narrow thin-walled cells, and is usually associated with a region of rapid growth
metaphloem
cells closest to the metaxylem
conducting tissue in plants with primary grow
subapical meristem
cells also divide and grow, producing cell for rthe region below
visible differentiation begins
primary growth
are tissues produced by apical meristem
apical meristem
cell divide by mitosis and cytokinesis
when cell divides, daughter cells are held the size of the mother celll
they push the meristem upward
ground meristem
found in the subapical meristem
They divide mitotically to produce new cells to enable primary growth or secondary growth of the plant
equivalent stages of pith and cortex
crosslink: these visible structures play a role in the plant's survival
