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Morphology., gramatical structure - вовк (involves all levels) скелет …

- - - - grammatical structure can be studied:
        :check: Diachronic description (historical grammar) :– when we describe a language from the prescriptive of change.
        :check: Synchronic description offers a representation of a language at a particular moment of time.
        
        доктор - описує мову з точки зару змін
        тато - представляє мову в конкретний період
- - - - describe how language is used (rather than prescribe how it should be used)
        :
        
        distinguish btw formal and informal contexts
        (whether it is a part of the standard language/ spoken English / occurs in certain regions)
        
        He knew more about it than I (formal)
        
        He knew about it more than me. (informal,contex)
        
        He knew about it more than I did. (neutral)
        
        Informal: I donʼt believe that the results are accurate.
        Formal: The results are not believed to be accurate.
        Informal: The research project wonʼt continue next year.
        Formal: The research project will not continue next year.
  - - - describe the ways in which language should be used
        it has a set of rules for speaking and writing 'correctly'
        
        dictates what one should say and write according to the linguistic norms prevalent at the time.
        
        Do not end a sentence with a preposition. (e. g. Do not say This is the house which he lives in (informal context); say This is the house in which he lives) (formal context).
        
        Do not split an infinitive. (e. g. Do not say l expect to shortly welcome him here; say l expect to welcome him here shortly).
        
        say “YES” not “YEAH”;
        
        say “I don’t want ANY” not “I don’t want NONE”
        
        a pronouns must agree in gender and with nouns to which it refers.
        
        ain't a word - am/is/are not a word.
        I didnt see anybody NOT I didnt see nobody
        She doesnt know him NOT She dont know him
- - - - Classification of morpheme
        
        According to function
        
        Inflectional morphemes
        
        change the grammatical meaning of the word and are not used to indicate part of speech
        :warning: Sometimes an inflectional morpheme acquires a new lexical meaning.
        :warning: In modern English there is a case when a boundary between derivational and inflectional morphemes is hard to find
        
        як лікар, змінює лиш щось в них за допомогою зіль.
        
        іноді лікар може змінюватись на якогось чарівника
        
        іноді межа між тим що він змінюється і тим що не змінюється дуже маленька
        
        the past tense of verbs in (e.g played),
        the plural of nouns (e. g. dogs),
        the comparative form of adjectives (e. g. shorter).
        
        -s - the morpheme of plurality, but sometimes it’s a derivational morpheme
        Color – colors (not as in hues or tints, but flag or emblem, стяг).
        Honour – honours (відзнаки). Here it’s not an inflectional morpheme.
        Force - forces (strength - army).
        
        ing morpheme
        Writing – may be a verbal noun (віддієслівний іменник),
        writings on the wall,
        writings - писання
        He is writing – the change of the grammatical form of word.
        English has an abundance of homonymous pairs
        
        doll – dolls - plural
        long - longer - comparative
        visit - visited - past tence of verb
        
        ?
        
        greeting - verbal noun
        greetings - noun
        speaking - I like speaking
        speaking - говоріння
        
        1 more item...
        
        Derivational affixes
        
        class-changing (change the word class of the base)
        
        class-maintaining (produce a new word which has the same word class as the base)
        
        ті що пішли від людей.
        
        змінюють клас - з людини у вовка
        
        притримують клас - беджі залишається людиною, просто кричить коли unbearable
        
        -er, which makes the verb into a noun,
        -able, which makes it into an adjective)
        
        un-, which simply forms a new adjective meaning as in unbearable
        
        teach – teacher comfort - comfortable
        
        perfect - imperfect,
        correct – incorrect
        rational – irrational
        obey - disobey
        
        1 more item...
        
        Prof. Blokh differentiates between
        
        uninterrupted (or synthetic) - here belongs: affixation, morphemic alteration which is devided into:
        :pencil2: outer (e. g. rooms, children)
        :pencil2: inner (e. g. dr-i-ve, dr-o-ve, dr-i-ven)
        :pencil2: suppletive (e. g. I - me, good - better, bad - worse, go - went etc. )
        
        interrupted (or analytical) - they consist of a word which is davoid of any lexical meaning (is, has, ing - has invited, is invited, is writing, does not write ＿ etc.)
        
        блохи яких не можна перебиватик коли вони синів кормлять
        блохи які живуть зверху
        блохи які живуть в середині
        блохи які живуть і зверху і в середині, пють суп як жілля щоб навчитись плавати як риби або дихати як сухопутні тварини.
        
        блохи яких можна перебивати під час того як вони здають аналізи. тому що вони позбавлені дексичного значення і нічого тобі не зроблять.
        
        Tables, toys, books
        
        write wrote – written
        forbid - forbade - forbidden
        
        far – further
        little – less
        much - many/more
        
        be - was/were - been
- - - - day – days, way – ways
        visit - visited
        fash - fish
        
        easy - easier – easiest
        difficult - more difficult - the most difficult
        
        was/were
        t, d - both have the tip of the tongue pressed against the teeth ridge
        t- unvoiced( voiceless), vocal cords don’t vibrate, aspirated
        d- voiced, vocal cords vibrate, non aspirated.