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PARTICULATE MODEL OF MATTER - Coggle Diagram
PARTICULATE MODEL OF MATTER
Matter is a substance that has mass and occupies space
All matter is made up of tiny particles
The tiny particles are in constant, random motion. These particles have kinetic energy
The particles have spaces between them
Adding heat to matter makes the particles move faster.
The particulate theory of matter (kinetic particle theory) describes what matter is made of
Scientists believe that matter is made up of very small particles.
We can see small pieces of sugar. However, scientists believe that sugar is made up of even smaller particles that we cannot see.
Kinetic means to move
Particles refer to invisible, small objects. It can take the form of atoms, molecules, or ions.
Scientific theory is a series of well tested/ substantiated explanation of the natural aspect od the world around us.
Kinetic energy is the energy an object has because of its motion.
Properties of matter
Solids:
Fixed shape
Fixed volume
Cannot be compressed
High density
Liquids:
Not fixed shape (takes teh shape of the container)
Fixed volume
Cannot be compressed
Density is lower than solids
Gas:
Not fixed shape
Not fixed volume
Can be compressed
Low density
Macroscopic evidence for movement
Brownian motion is the irregular motion of small particles suspended in a liquid or a gas, caused by the bombardment of the particles by molecules of the medium.
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration
TEMPERATURE:
Higher temperature
Higher kinetic energy
Faster particle motion
Faster diffusion
MOLECULAR MASS:
Smaller relative molecular mass
Faster particle motion
Faster diffusion
CONCETRATION GRADIENT:
The steeper the concentration gradient
The faster diffusion takes place
Particulate model of matter
Solid:
Particles are packed very closely in an orderly manner
Strongest forces of attraction between particles
Particles vibrate about fixed positions
Particles have lowest kinetic energy among the three states
Smallest among the three states
Liquid:
Particles are packed less closely than in solids in a disorderly manner
Strong forces of attraction between particles
Particles slide past each other
Particles have lower kinetic energy than in gases, higher than in solids
Smaller (but not much difference from solids
Gas;
Particles are far apart and are found in a disorderly manner
Negligible/ very weak forces of attraction between particles
Particles move about rapidly in all directions
Particles have highest kinetic energy among the three states
very much larger than in solids and liquids
Properties of Matter
SOLIDS
Solids cannot be compressed
The spaces between particles of a solid are too small
The particles are packed very closely together and held in fixed positions. They cannot move nay closer together when squeezed.
When a piece of solid metal is heated, the size of the metal increases
When heat is applied, the particles gain kinetic energy and vibrate faster about their fixed positions to move further from each other. This slightly widens the spaces between the particles hence causing the size of the solid to increase.
LIQUIDS
If a drop of ink is added to a sample of water, the ink is observed to diffuse and eventually a homogeneous mixture is obtained
Particles in liquid state are in constant random motion. The ink particles are sliding over the water particles colliding with particles and then moving away from the particles without stirring
If a drop of ink is added to two separate samples of water at different temperatures, teh rate of diffusion is observed to be greater in teh water sample with higher temperature.
The average kinetic energy of particles can be estimated by the temperature of the matter. This demonstrates that particles at higher temperature are able to move faster due to greater average kinetic energy
GASES
Gases are known to be compressible - The volume of a gas can be reduced by applying pressure on the gas.
Particles in a gas are very apart with huge spaces between. When squeezed, they can move closer together. The increased pressure on the gas simply pushes the gas particles closer together.
SOLID-->SUBLIMATION-->GAS-->CONDENSATION--->LIQUID-->FREEZING-->SOLID SOLID-->MELTING-->LIQUID-->BOILING/CONDENSATION-->GAS-->SUBLIMATION
Gain of thermal energy:
Melting, Boiling, Evaporation, Sublimation
Loss of thermal energy:
Freezing, Condensation, Deposition
SUBLIMATION:
Sublimation involves changing solids directly into a gas without going through the liquid state
Changes of state
The particulate model of matter can be used to explain changes of state
During a change in state, the temperature remains constant. The thermal energy is used to overcome forces of attraction between particles. Average kinetic energy remains unchanged.
When water boils, the temperature remains at 100 degree celcius until all the water has changed into steam.
HEATING CURVE:
SOLID STATE
Thermal energy is absorbed to increase the average kinetic energy of the particles
MIXTURE OF SOLID AND LIQUID STATE (MELTING)
Constant temperature as it is change of state
Thermal energy is absorbed to overcome the forces of attraction between the particles
Average kinetic energy of the particles remain unchanged
LIQUID STATE
Thermal energy is absorbed to increase the average kinetic energy of the particles
MIXTURE OF LIQUID AND GASEOUS STATE (BOILING)
Constant temperature as it is change of state
Thermal energy is absorbed to increase the average kinetic energy of the particles
GASEOUS STATE:
Thermal energy is absorbed to increase the average kinetic energy of the particles