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Cell Signaling - Coggle Diagram

- - - - A neurotransmitter (ligand) could open the ligand gated ion channel
- - - - Anthrax targets the Adenylate cyclase and changes the shape of the enzyme
        
        ATP can't be converted into cAMP, so signal transduction pathway is stopped
  - - - Glucose transporter/ GLUT allows cell to store glucose as glycogen or make use of it
    - - GLUT can not be activated and glucose can not be taken in
    - - Insulin shots are needed to produce insulin for the signal transduction pathway
- - - - Secondary messengers (cAMP)
        
        Response occurs (ex. liver gets targeted to release glucose from glycogen or DNA is transcribed)
  - - - ex. Ligand binds with a ligand gated ion channel/ receptor, opening the receptor up and allowing ions to pass through
        
        Increase in ion concentration triggers a cellular response
        
        After reaching a certain concentration, ligand will leave the receptor and channel will close
        
        Note: Not all channels have to be ligand gated. For example, a Voltage gated ion channel depends on electrical membrane potential (used by nuerons)
  - - - Alpha subunit is now activated and converts ATP into cyclic AMP/ cAMP (a monophosphate/ ATP dropped off 2 phosphate molecules)
        
        Makes a cyclic portion of the ATP where the sugars come off (secondary messengers)
        
        cAMP (secondary messengers) spread throughout the cell to target the regulatory portions of protein kinase, thereby releasing the catalytic portions
        
        Catalytic portions become phosphorilated/ get energy from ATP, which then make them act on molecules throughput the cell
        
        Phosphate is dropped off to the phosphorylase to activate and release glucose from glycogen
- - - - Has a specific shape to fit with the receptor