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Chapter 10: Cell Structure, Cross Connection: The plasma mebrane is made…

- - - - single layer
      - composed of phospholipids
      - hydrophilic heads form hydrogen bonds
      - hydrophobic ends stick out of water
    - - two layers
      - composed of phospholipids
      - layer is doubled over
      - All hydrophobic ends away from water
      - All hydrophilic ends contact water
    - - Intrinsic proteins
        
        Can act as channels through membrane
        
        Partially/Fully immersed in bilayer
      - Extrinsic proteins
        
        AKA peripheral proteins
        
        Located outside membrane
        
        Can form domains
    - - Some proteins bound to neighbors
      - Heterogeneous mixture
    - - Bind to
        
        Membrane lipids
        
        Convert to glycolipids
        
        Extrinsic Proteins
        
        Convert to glycoproteins
  - - - Vesicles
        
        Move pieces of membrane
        
        Two vesicles fuse
        
        Exocytosis
        
        Excretes
        
        Waste
        
        debris
        
        mucilage
        
        proteins
        
        polysaccharides
        
        Inside volume called lumen
        
        Contain substances that must be
        
        accumulated
        
        broken down
        
        metabolized
        
        Endocytosis
        
        opposite of exocytosis
        
        New vesicle forms through invagination
        
        Takes in extracellular material
    - - Selectively permeable membrane
        
        AKA Deferentially permeable
        
        Easily take in hydrophobic subatances
        
        Can take in charged substances through
        
        Facilitated Diffusion
        
        Large proteins
        
        Act as hydrophilic channels
        
        Active transport
        
        Molecular Pumps
        
        Uses energy
        
        Releases molecule on other side
        
        Binds to molecule
    - - Formation of many compartments
      - Specialized for particular processes
      - Compartment mebranes
        
        Impermeable membrane
        
        Does not let anything pass
        
        Type organenelles use
        
        Freely permeable membrane
        
        Allows everything to pass
    - - Constantly changing
      - New components installed
      - Old components removed
- - - - Bacteria
      - Archaea
  - - - Animals
      - Fungi
      - Plants
      - Protists
- - - - Proteins
      - Lipids
      - Nucleic Acid
      - Water
  - - - Copy is not DNA
      - Copy is called RNA
    - - Composed of
        
        Outer membrane
        
        inner membrane
        
        Nuclear pores
        
        Control movement of materials
        
        Complex strucrure
    - - Like protoplasm
      - complex association of
        
        Enzymes and other factors
        
        Several types of RNA
        
        DNA
        
        Histone proteins
        
        Water and other substances
    - - Ribosomes are synthesized
  - - - Merged
      - Expanded
    - - Salt
      - Water
    - - Have a membrane called a tonoplast
  - - - Vacuole
      - Nucleus
  - - - Mediated by enzymes
        
        Located adjacent to each other
        
        Product passed directly to next enzyme
    - - Known as cristae
      - Provide room for enzymes
      - Has liquid called matrix between
      - Surrounded by second membrane
        
        Outer mitochondrial membrane
        
        gives mitochondria
        
        Shape
        
        Rigidity
        
        Inner mitochondrial membrane
        
        Forms cristae
        
        selectively permeable
        
        numerous pumps
    - - DNA
      - Ribosomes
  - - - inner membrane
      - outer membrane
      - inner fluid called stroma
        
        contain thylakoids
        
        increases space for pigments
        
        Sometimes forms granum
    - - Proplastids
        
        Very simple
        
        Develop into chloroplast when exposed to light
        
        Contain Chlorophyll
        
        Develop into amyloplasts when no light
        
        Accumulate sugar
        
        Produces large starch grains
        
        Can still be converted to chloroplasts
    - - system of membranes present
      - no grana
      - pigments may be present as
        
        Part of membrane
        
        plastogobuli
    - - unpigmented
      - large
      - have neither
        
        chlorophyll
        
        lipid pigment
  - - - forms cluster called polysome
  - - - Has attached ribosomes
    - - if protein needs modification
        
        ER releases very small vesicles
        
        Vesicles released close to dictyosome
    - - lacks ribosomes
      - involved in
        
        lipid synthesis
        
        membrane assembly
  - - - ER vesicles fused together
    - - side vesicles accumulate
    - - side vesicles are being released
    - - such as
        
        Golgi body/Golgi Apparatus
    - - All membranes except
        
        Mitochondria inner membrane
        
        plastids
  - - - peroxisomes
        
        involved in detoxifying photosynthetic byproducts
      - glyoxysomes
        
        involved in converting stored fats to sugars
        
        Only occur in plants
  - - - water
      - enzymes
      - chemical
        
        precursors
        
        intermediates
      - Products of enzymatic reactions
    - - free ribosomes
      - skeletal structures
  - - - alpha-tubulin
      - beta-tubilin
  - - - structure
      - movement
        
        occurs through
        
        cilia
        
        flagella
        
        Basal bodies
        
        associated with cilia and flagella
        
        appear identical to centrioles
    - - responsible for
        
        polymerization of spindle microtubules
        
        Organization of spindle microtubules
  - - - Bound together by hemicelluloses
    - - composed of pectic substances
    - - thicker
      - has lignin
- - - - Mitochondria
      - Nucleus
      - Choloroplasts
  - - - Allows more efficiancy
      - The adapting of cells to specific tasks
  - - - Smaller than mother cell
      - Grows to mother cell size
      - Takes in nutrients to produce protoplasm
- - - - clustered in primary pit field
      - creates symplast