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THEORIES OF LEARNING PT.2 - Coggle Diagram
THEORIES OF LEARNING PT.2
4. COGNITIVE LEARNING
application to client education: active discussion , visual tools
teacher guides students to how ideas are
connected
student should be able to justify ideas
teacher-student centered
interactive
cooperative
teaching and learning process: purposive involvement, problem-solving and problem-raising
ex. answering case studies
acquired insights, principles, concepts, generalizations, theories, scientific outlook, instrumental thinking
focuses on unobservable behavior (purely mental)
truth and knowledge are personal and private
2. MASTERY LEARNING
breaking down complex units of instruction
goals: to achieve or master tasks and encourage self-development
provided with appropriate learning condition
before proceeding to another skill you have to master the previous one first
ex. in making splints, you must first master how to cut the right shape of the thermoplast before shaping it on the patient
3. SOCIAL LEARNING
teachers can be family members or other learners
learner-centered
vicarious reinforcement
a person imitates the actions of another person when they see that person being positively rewarded for their actions
cognitive process that takes place in a social environment
behavior modification: modeling
a person observes the actions of another
through demonstration imitation
a person is more likely to be imitated if the observer can see similarities between self and the model
to be successfully imitated, the model
behavior must be well attended to
a person is more likely to be imitated if
he/she is perceived as having high status
1. BEHAVIORISM
evidence of learning: observable behavior
repetition: drills, practice
teacher-centered with passive learners
teaching and learning process: behavior modification, rewards and reinforcements
Positive punishment: behavior is lessened by adding aversive consequence
Negative reinforcement: behavior is strengthened by removing aversive stimulus
Positive reinforcement: behavior is strengthened by reward
Negative punishment: behavior is lessened by removing something desirable
COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL PROCESS
Reproduction
observer must organize responses in accordance with the model
Retention
retains what they learned through ex. photographic memory, learning strategy, video, etc.
Attention
observers must attend to the model behavior affected by perceptual-cognitive abilities of event
Motivation
will to do better
THEORY AND RESEARCH-BASED PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING
how students organize knowledge influences learning and application
structure
makes use of tables, graphs, flashcards, etc. to better summarize information for better memorization or application
students’ motivation determines what they learn
more motivated: more likely to learn
less motivated: less likely to learn
student’s prior learning can help or hinder learning
help: prior learning can help as the student is already familiar with a specific topic
hinder: if prior knowledge is inappropriate, inactive, insufficient, or inaccurate
students must acquire component skills and practice integrating them to develop mastery
mastery requires practice of skills step-by-step
repetition helps in mastery
goal-directed practice and feedback enhances quality of student’s learning
goal-directed practice: purposeful response towards completion of a task
feedback helps students to reflect, see new ways of learning, learn from their mistakes, and promotes dialogue between teacher and student
students’ current level of development interacts with social, emotional, and intellectual climate of the course to impact learning
students must monitor and adjust approaches to learning to become self-directed learners
helps learner take initiative in learning
learning style of student is best applied based on the student's strength when studying
Physical (kinesthetic): you prefer using your body, hands and sense of touch
Logical (mathematical): you prefer using logic, reasoning and systems
Verbal (linguistic): you prefer using words, both in speech and writing
Social (interpersonal): you prefer to learn in groups or with other people
Auditory/Musical: you prefer using sound and music
Solitary (intrapersonal): you prefer to work alone and use self-study
Visual (spatial):you prefer using pictures, images, and spatial understanding
