The evolution of SARS/ SARS-CoV-2 against drugs and vaccines which harms the human body

Mutation of SARS

Human host provides great environment

Changing the properties/ proteins of SARS

Old strains of antibodies produced not affecting vaccines make because of mutations

Hard to detect by immune system once inside of host cell

Replicates inside of human cells

Thousands of mutations already based virus being under selective pressure

Article #15 Mechanism of host receptor adaptation by severe acute repiratory syndrome coronavirus by Wu, Peng, et al,.

Virus adapts to host

easy entry of spikes

Spike protein in RBD enhanced to enter human cells easier

CD4+ cells and C8+ cells response are inhibited due to mutations

Article #1 The coronavirus is mutating-does it matter? -Ewen Callaway $

At the 614th amino acid position

D was replaced by Glycine altering a sinlge nucleotide

29,903 letter RND code

called the D614G mutation

Extreme replication rates

increased frequency of this mutation

"more transmissable form"

Natural selection

Positive aspects of constant mutation in SARS

Deletion

Article #13 - Considering mutational meltdown as a potential SARS-CoV-2 treatment by Jenson at el.,

Repeat of Article #1

12,000 mutations in SARS-CoV-2 genome

neutralizes antibodies that bind to virus

antibody being neutralized makes it non-infectious though it is

Article #5 Tracking Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike: Evidence that D614G Increases Infectivity of the COVID-19 Virus by Kober at el.,

Polybasic furin cleavage site

O-linked glycans

determines viral infectivity and host range

junction of spikes S1 and S2

Aritcle #6 Global aspects of viral glycosylation by Bagdonaite et al.,

Article #7 Composition of human-specific slow codons and slow di-codons in SARS-CoV and 2019-nCoV are lower than other coronaviruses suggesting a faster protein synthesis rate of SARS-CoV and 2019-nCoV by Yang et al.,

syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV) may be much faster than other coronaviruses infect humans.

Acid aspartate

Article #3 Genetic Analysis Tracks SARS-CoV-2 Mutations in Human Hosts -
Bridget M. Kuehn

Why is it so easy for viruses to mutate?

Article #2 Mechanisms of viral mutation by Sanjuan et al.,

Usage of ACE2

Article #9 Angiotension- converting emzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS cornavirus - Wenhui li et al.,

entry receptor

hallmark of its cross-species transmissibilty

Rbd associated with binding of S protein with ACE2

Article #10 A 193-Amino acid fragment pf the SARS cornavirus S protein efficiently binds angiotensin-converting emzyme 2

Mutational meltdown

Natural selection not being able to purge if the mutatinal pressure is too large dabble a little in ns

Article #12 - Two sides of the same coin- A population genetics perspective on lethal mutagenesis and mutational meltdown - Matuszewski et al.,

defined as when a population becomes extinct due to accumulation of deleterious mutations

Slowed down spread

drug used to increase threshold and make virus mutate more

snowball effect in loss of population

binding affinity of RBD with ACE2

RBD exhibits protuberant in-ward motion towards the human ACE2 binding interface which may be crucial for molecular interaction

Fast mutation Makes drugs and vaccine useless

Several viruses utilize mucin-like domains as glycan shields involved immunoevasion SARS maybe one of them

unclear but testing to see if it could create a "mucin-like" domain that shields epitopes key residues on spike protein

You can obtain vaccine or drug and virus mutates against it

Memory T cells being detoured by new strain

Article #4 The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2 by Andersen et al.,

Two single-letter mutation per month

selective pressure acts on mutation rates

Article #8 Composition of human-specific slow codons and slow di-codons in SARS-CoV and 2019-nCoV are lower than other coronaviruses suggesting a faster protein synthesis rate of SARS-CoV and 2019-nCoV by YANG et al,.

viruses with high protein synthesis rates (as a consequence, replication rates) have great advantages to increase transmissibility.

the have a higher chance of successful infection even the initial when infection dose is low.

D and G Type: G viruses were chosen by SARS for better spiking coat, whiles D fell back

based on ability to generate de novo diversity in short period of time

RNA virus mutate faster because of single strand compared to DNA with double

can depend virus and host dependant processes

Repeat of article #2

Easily trasnmitted to humans

Article #14 COVID : a new challenge for human being by Yang and Wang 2020

Respiratory droplets

articles contaminated with droplets

two easy virus binding RBD, hot spot of ACE2

cACE2

hACE2

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