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Cell Structure, Most plant cell organelles are composed of membranes. one…
Cell Structure
Plant cells
basic cell types
Eukaryotic
#
many organelle
membrane bound nucleus
complex and diverse
physiologically
morphologically
plants, animals,fungi, protists
prokaryotic
simple
only in domains bacteria
cyanobacteria
bacteria
and archaea
archaic lines of evolution
Protoplasm
mass of:
proteins
lipids
nucleic acids
water
everything but cell wall
organelles
:
nucleus
archive
genetic information
permanent storage
DNA
safe
information retrieval
specific DNA
copies
messenger RNA
eukaryotic cell
outer membrane
nuclear envelope
nuclear pores
exert control
complex structure
movement of material
separates material
inner membrane
prokaryotes
no nuclear envelope
DNA mixed
nucleoplasm
complex association
histone proteins
chromatin
nuclear DNA
dominate nucleoplasm
several type RNA
enzymes
dominate nucleoplasm
water
DNA
other substances
nucleoli
rarely several
1-2
ribisomes synthesized
ribisomal RNA
partially assembled
50% of small dividing cells
central vacuole
vacuoles
single membrane
tonoplast
mostly water and salts
young cells
as cells grow
on central vacuole
expand and merge
plasma membrane
sometimes plasmalemma
completely covers protoplasm
outer most surface
permeable to benificial
impermeable to harmful
molecular pump
needed inward
others outward
secretion
one side faces cell
one side faces environment
mitochondria
large folded sheets
cristae
outer mitochondrial membrane
inner mitochondrial membrane
cell respiration
liquid matrix
plastids
dynamic organelle
outer membrane
inner membrane
stroma
develop into chloroplasts
photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll
proplastids
rapidly dividing
young
amyoplastids
colored chromoplasts
plastoglobuli
ribisomes
in protoplasm
protein synthesis
2 sub units
50 proteins
3 RNA
polysome cluster
messenger RNA
read simultaneously
6-10 ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulumtext
carries molecules
narrow tubes
sheets and membranes
network
ribosomes attached
rough ER(RER)
lacks ribosomes
smooth ER(SER)
dictyosomes
flat or curvy array
thin vesicles
wide thin vesicle
cisterna
embedded deeply
forming face
maturing face
vesicles release
cup shaped structure
golgi apparatus
golgi body
maturing faces- inner side
forming faces-outside
endomembrane system
microbodies
glyoxysomes
only in plants
convert fat to sugar
peroxisomes
detoxifying
in animals
cytosol
microtubules
acts as cytoskeleton
most abundant
easily studied
two proteins
beta-tubulin
alpha-tubulin
centriole
9 sets of 3 microtubules
cilia
precisely arranged
short
in groups
flagella
single
long
set 2-4
microfilaments
globular proteins
actin
narrower than microtubules
3-6nm diameter
most of cytoplasm
clear substance
(AKA) hyaloplasm
free ribosomes
multinucleate
cell wall
almost all plants
strong microfibril
10-25 nm wide
numerous
wound around cell
hemicelluloses
middle lamella
adhesive layer
third class polysaccharides
pectic substances
primary cell wall
thin wall
secondary cell wall
strong
deposited by protplast
much thicker
between primary and plasma membrane
polysaccharide cellulose
box shaped/fiber-like
autotrophic
make own energy
plasmodesmatas
fine holes
cell well
interconnected
40 nm
plasma membrane
cytosol
specialized ER
passes through
Fungal cells
#
cell wall contain chitin
chitin similar to cellulose
tough
inflexible
insoluble in water
contains nitrogen
synthesized by different mechanism
no plastids
extremely narrow
long tubes
many nuclei
heterotrophic
take in food for energy
cant make their own
decomposers
no chloroplast
no chlorophyll
bright colors
pigments protect
can be:
unicellular
multicellular
demorphic
depends on environmental factors
eukaryotes
complex cellular organization
many have flagella
Membranes
#
Important Task
regulate molecules
divide cell
act as enzyme holders
Disrupted Membranes
heat
cold
poison
alcohol
kill
Membrane Compostion
proteins
Large hydropholic regions
water
phospholipid phosphates
fatty acids
sink
small discrete region
domain
phospholipids
double layer
bilayer
hydrophobic
fatty acids
single layer
hydrophilic bonds
monolayer
lipid bilayer
thin solution
diffuse laterally
partially immersed proteins-intrinsic
glycolipids
glycoproteins
outside of membrane-extrinsic
60% protein 40% lipids
fluid mosaic membrane
heterogeneous
patchy
sugars
short-chain oligosaccharides
less than 8%
4-15 residues.
properties of membrane
important
dynamic
can grow
transport of material
permeability
selectively permeable membrane
deferentially permeable
rapidly
easily
hydrophobic substances
charged compounds
inorganic salts
sugars
amino acids
vesicles
volume
vesicle lumen
accumulated
broken down
metabolized
exocytosis
excrete
debris
waste
muucilage
proteins
polysaccarides
#
endocytosis
small invagination
new vesicle
pinches shut
extracellular material
algae
microscopic organisms
large intrinsic proteins
assist
charged substances
hydrophilic channels
facilitated diffusion
molecular pump
binds to molecules
active transport
accumulate substances
interior concentration>exterior concentration
compartmentalization
formation of compartments
particular substances
particular precursor
many compartments=organelles
Most plant cell organelles are composed of membranes. one exception is ribosomes.
Exocytosis excretes polysaccharides and the middle lamella of the cell wall is composed of it.
Fungal cells and plant cells contain flagella. it is found in the microtubules of plant cells
Plants and Fungi are both eukaryotes
