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Beta-Lactams - Coggle Diagram

- - - - gram +
      - ineffective against...
        
        entercocci
        
        Pseudomonas
      - exs
        
        Cephalexin, cephalothin
        
        gram + mastitis
        
        birds
        
        cefadroxil
        
        cephazolin
      - missed a slide on this
    - - gram + and -
      - ex. cephachlor
      - missed a slide on this
    - - gram -
      - more resistant to b-lactamases
      - exs.
        
        cefovecin (Convenia)
        
        Ceftiofur
        
        bovine resp disease
        
        coliform mastitis
        
        porcine systemic and resp infection
        
        neonatal
        
        salmonellosis
        
        colibacilosis
        
        cefpodozime
      - missed a slide on this
    - - effective against
        
        gram + and gram -
        
        Pseudomonas
        
        enterococci
      - resistant to b-lactamases
      - ex. Cefeprime
      - more popular in human medicine
  - - - anti-Staphylococcal
      - extended spectrum
        
        gram + and gram - aerobes and anaerobes
        
        exs.
        
        amoxicillin
        
        ampicillin
        
        ticarcillin
        
        Pseudomonas
        
        ear
        
        skin
        
        resp
        
        neonatlal septicemia
        
        degree of drug resistance
        
        first line
        
        mixed infections
        
        bite/fight wounds
        
        peiodontitis
      - potentiated
      - natural
        
        gram + aerobes
        
        injection
        
        Pen G
        
        other large animals
        
        infections
        
        respiratory
        
        sinus
        
        first line for food animals
        
        horses
  - - - exception- Convenia
- - - - constituitive
      - acquired
        
        horizontal transmission
      - destroys b-lactam ring
      - types
        
        penicillinases
        
        carbapenemases
        
        cephalosporinases
        
        extnded spectrum b-lactamases
        
        three basic groups
        
        group 1
        
        serine hydrolases
        
        resistance to
        
        penicillins
        
        cephalosporins
        
        group 2
        
        serine hydrolases
        
        inhibited by clavulanic acid
        
        exs. sulbactam
        
        tazobactam
        
        restore senstivity in group 2
        
        "potentiated penicillins"
        
        1 more item...
        
        broad resistance
        
        group 3
        
        zinc-dependent enzymes
        
        resistance to all except monobactams
- - - - ski eruptions
      - angioedema
      - anaphylactoid rxns
- - - - ex. aztreonam
      - narrow spectrum
      - gram -
      - human reserve
      - b-lactamase resistance
      - not a lot of literature for animal use yet
  - - - expensive
      - narrow spectrum activity gram +
      - broad gram - activity
      - given by iv infusion
      - mostly reserved for human use
      - serious infections in companion animals
- - - - synthesis
        
        synthesis of disaccharide precursoe
        
        polymerization
        
        PG strands cleaved from cell wall
        
        cross-linking of PG polymers by peptide bonds
      - layers are constantly being remodeled
        
        autoloysins break down
        
        PBPs synthesize
        
        also help with cell division
    - - aka (PBPs) penicillin-binding proteins
      - b-lactams inactivate
        
        cell wall cannot form
        
        autolysins continue to form, breakdown process continues
        
        further divisions have a weak wall, die easily
        
        time dependent
        
        bactericidal