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farm animal therapeutics (not abs) - Coggle Diagram
farm animal therapeutics (not abs)
NSAIDs
Meloxicam
longer duration of action in cattle than other NSAIDs
but has a longer withdrawal
5 day in milk, 15 day in meat
Ketoprofen
requires 24h dosing, but typically 0 milk withheld and 1-4 day meat withhold depending on route given
typically more expensive per 24h treatment v metacam
yet 0 milk withdrawal, still get milk value
flunixin meglumine no longer licensed in food producing animals due to food safety concerns
Fertility medicines
PGF alpha e,g, estrumate, GNRH analogue e.g. Ovurelin, PRIDs (Progesterone Releasing Intravaginal Devices) and Metricure (Cefapirin)
Metricure
licensed from 14d post calving to treat endometritis
only efficacious v gram positive bacteria (truepuerella etc but does work in purulent discharge
PGF2alpha
can only be utilised after 25 d once a corpus luteum has developed
cheaper than metricure and avoids antibiotic use
this along with metricure effective at removing infection from the uterus
Local anaesthetic
Lidocaine
reasonably rapid onset of action
may cause some local irritation and swelling
Duration of action is variable (depending on uptake) but will be around one hour without epinephrine, and two hours with epinephrine. It is the formulation without epinephrine that is indicated for epidural nerve blocks - produced by injecting
local anaesthetic into the epidural space of the spinal cord
The alternative to lidocaine is procaine hydrochloride – all current preparations on the UK market include Epinephrine (e.g. Willcain and Adrenacaine) and are therefore contraindicated for intravenous or epidural use. Although an appropriate alternative for subcut use, procaine hydrochloride has a slower onset of action as well as a shorter duration of action.
Local anaesthetics have action upon calcium and potassium ion channels and have the potential to cause cardiac toxicity. It is always important to draw back on syringe to check to be not in vein before injecting local anaesthetics
Obstetric related therapeutics
Clenbuterol
Uterine relaxant and bronchodilator
may be used in uterine torsion or caesarean
care as makes uterus flaccid and so may be hard to close
can be used in acute pneumonia or fog fever
Oxytocin
stimulates milk let down and uterine contraction and involution
Vitamins
appetite stimulant and liver support
cerebro cortico necrosis (CCN)
rapidly growing animals 3-6m old
thiaminase producing bacteria within rumen result in a secondary thiamine shortage
high doses of thiamine (via B1) REQUIRED
https://www.nadis.org.uk/disease-a-z/cattle/nervous-diseases-in-cattle/
White muscle disease
selenium/vitamin e deficiency due to dietary deficiency due to low soil concentrations
common in lambs and calves whose dams have been grazing low selenium pastures
iatrogenic vitamin E/selenium can be applied
Minerals
calcium
clinically presenting as down cows, dystocia, stillborn calves, retained foetal membranes, and therefore metritis and endometritis.
if reduced the heart muscle contracts slower --> bradycardia and intercostal muscle and diaphragm contraction reduced --> respiratory depression
blood supply to the GIT and peripheral circulation will be reduced
poor gut peristalsis/gut stasis
dung v stiff in rectum
rumen bloat (reduced contractility)
skin cold to touch (Cold ears)
muscle weakness and recumbency
upon IV Ca administration
skin fasciculation as peripheral blood supply improves
eructation as GIT peristalsis begins
Magnesium
cannot be stored by body so temporary loss from diet is an issue
hypomagnesaemia/grass staggers/grass tetany
milking animal (dairy or beef) out on grass (particularly rapidly growing ryegrass swards typically used to make silage) with no supplementary feed. Any dairy concentrate will be mineralised, so deficiency is extremely rare in dairy cattle. Young grass (Spring or Autumn) contains less magnesium, and also wet grass will promote more rapid peristalsis (giving less time for absorption) and will reduce overall dry matter intake.
cow recumbent before seizing (unless sudden death)
may require xylazine before subcut Mg or Calciject 5 (Ca+Mg IV)
If animal DOA --> vitreous humour fluid sample taken within 24h of death
It is always good practice to take a blood sample before administering treatment to a down cow – and then run the sample for calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus (and CK) should the cow not respond to your primary treatment.
Phosphorus
a cow which has been recumbent for anything longer than 1-2 hrs (1 hr on hard ground, 2 hrs on soft ground) will have a degree of muscle damage caused by compression and poor skeletal blood flow.
Trace elements
Copper
Copper deficiency will be noted in poorer growing animals often with a dull brownish coat. This will either be due to a primary dietary deficiency or secondary to dietary lock up (molybdenum in the diet will vastly reduce the bioavailability of copper). Animals on grass may require bolusing every 6 months to counter this.
Iodine
ill-thriftiness of youngstock and poorer fertility of adults. Adult cows have the potential to have retained foetal membranes, and still births and weak calves are another particularly apparent sign warranting blood sampling for iodine.
Selenium/vit E
vit E being involved in immune functionality i.e. Cows with
low vit E/Selenium are likely to have a higher SCC. The offspring of severely deficient cows and ewes will potentially produce calves and lambs with white muscle disease – a form of muscular weakness that if diagnosed sufficiently early may respond to iatrogenic vitamin E and selenium. Again, there is the concurrent likelihood of still-borns and weak calves born.
Imidocarb (Imizol)
Babesia infection (Redwater)
dx= clinical signs + blood smear finding intra-erythrocyte Babesia divergens
PCV
25+ = normal
15 + animal can be treated
Imizol, oxytetracycline and meloxicam
21 days milk and over 200 days for meat!!! The treatment also needs to be recorded by the vet practice and provided to the Veterinary Medicine Directorate.
preventative or treatment dose
Anthelmintics
https://veterinary-practice.com/article/nematode-control-in-cattle
https://www.cattleparasites.org.uk/app/uploads/2018/04/Control-of-parasitic-gastroenteritis-in-
cattle.pdf
Youngstock will require treatment for nematodes, trematodes, lungworm and flies, whilst adults tend to develop a relative immunity to nematodes, needing only control of trematodes and flies. Treatment of nematodes relies on some natural challenge to allow for immunity development, whilst treatment of trematodes is under the presumption that immunity will not develop.
If the animals have had sufficient exposure to lungworm and/or if the animals have had a lungworm vaccine
in the first 2 grazing seasons, they may well have a lifetime immunity. However, it is not uncommon to witness coughing adult cattle from July onwards which is very likely to be lungworm. The situation is exacerbated if there is circulating IBR amongst the herd.
Anticoccidials
A trick to remembering when coccidia occurs – C is the 3rd letter of the alphabet and Coccidia tends to occur between 3 weeks and 3 months. However, it is possible to see clinical coccidiosis up to 6 months or older.
Cryptosporidium
In a hygienic environment with delivery of the correct volumes of high-quality colostrum, clinical cryptosporidium should be near negligible. However, on many units, despite the above care being taken, it is foreseeable that halofuginone is needed to be used both as a treatment and metaphylactically in the first week of life