Self-disclosure:different in FtF and online relationships.Self-disclosure can be manipulated.

Reduced cues in CMC may lead to less self-disclosure:Sproull & Kiesler argue that Computer Mediated communication (CMC) are less effective due to lack of nonverbal cues (e.g physical appearance, emotional responses).Leads to de-individuation=loss of series of personal identity->anonymity->negative.

CMCs may involve more self-disclosure:Hyperpersonal model suggests early self-disclosure=CMCs develop quickly which makes relationship more intense and intimate.However=high excitement level but low levels of trust=end more quickly.

McKenna and Bargh argue that facial disfigurements or stammer may be an obstacle to a FtF relationship but these are not there in online relationships.

Absence of gating has benefits as without obstacles people are free to create a different identity online e.g.shy person can become more extraverted online.However people can create new personas.

1.Entertainment-social:celebrity is a source of gossip-interaction.2.Intense personal:intensive,compulsive feelings towards celebrity.3.Borderline-pathological:uncontrollable behaviours/fantasies.

PSR more likely to happen if:Object of affection is perceived as attractive,they are perceived as similar to us,we perceive them as real,the view is female,the view is lonely and shy.

Absorption-addiction model:McCutcheon suggests that PSR can make up for personal deficiencies e.g.lack of fulfilment.Can also provide an escape from mundane lives.Can be triggered towards a higher level by stressful situations such as man going through a divorce and miley cyrus's music helped him so he got to be point he got his whole body with tatoos of Miley.

Model has two components.Absorption:has addictive qualities so individuals go to further and further lengths to maintain a sense of fulfilment via the parasocial relationship.(enduring love).
Absorption:they have deficits in their own sense of personal identity-absorption an attampt to establish personal identity.Addiction:the indicidual needs to increase their 'dose' of involvement to gain satisfaction.This may lead to extreme behaviours and delusional thoughts.

Research support:Maltby et al. studied female teenagers who reported an intense personal relationship with a female celebrity whose body shape they admired.These females tended to have a poor body image,linked to an eating disorder.

Insecure resistant are more likely to form PSRs.They have concern that others will not reciprocate their desire for intimacy.THey turn to TV characters to satisfy their "unrealistic" and often unmet relational needs.Insecure avoidant are less likely as they find it difficult to develop relationships aand therefore are very unlikely to seek them from real or fictional people.Secure are not likely.Often have satisactory real-life relationships and do not seek an additional relationship with celebrity.

Equity is where people strive to achieve fairness in their relationship (Walster et al.).Not about the amount,but the ratio between the two partner to each other.Underbenifiting partner is likely to be the least satisfied and their feelings may be evident in anger and resentment.THe overbenifiting partner may feel less dissatisfied but is likely to feel discomfort and shame.A's benefits-costs=B's benefits-costs.

Walster and Hatfield(1978):Principles of equity theory:profits=rewards are maximised and costs minimised.Distribution=Trade-offs and compensations are negotiated to achieve fairness in a relationship.Dissatisfaction=the greater the degree of perceived unfairness,the greater the sense of dissatisfation.Realignment=if restoring equity is possible,maintenance will continue,with attempts made to realign equity.

If we perceive inequity in our relationship we try to restore it:1.Put in less/more.2.Change the amount you demand from it.3.Change perception of inputs/outputs.To change underbenifitting=communication,cognitive shift.

Duck (2007) argued that the ending of a relationship is not a process but a process that takes time and goes through four distinct phases.

Reasons:lack of skills,lack of stimulation,maintenance difficulties.Causes:predisposing factors-internal factors such as emotional instability of one partner,irritating or distasteful personal habits,changing interests etc. Precipitating factors-external factors such as reduced proximity,other people (real or imagined),money etc.

Each levels have a threshold: if the threshold is crossed, we move on the next stage of the model.However partner may reassess and decide the relationship isn't so bad,halting the process of breakdown.

Duck's phase model or breakdown:1.Intrapsychic processes-personal brooding-Social withdrawal-'rumination'.Resentment.Brooding on partner's faults& relational costs.Re-evaluation of alternatives to relationship.Threshold:I can't stand this anymore.2.Dyadic-discusion with partner-talk about 'our relationship',equity,roles.Reassessment of goals,possibilities,commitments.Discussion of discontents/issues.Threshol:I'd be justified in withdrawing.3.Social processes-Issues made public-going public;seeking support from others.Threshold: I mean it.4.Grave dressing processes-social face-tidying up memories;making relational histories.Threshold:It's now inevitable.

Resurrection processes:recreating sense of own social value,defining what to get out of relationships.Preparation for future relationship.Threshold:Time to get a new life.Reframing of past relational life:What I learned and how things will be different.

Commitment depends on satisfation level,comparison with alternatives and investment size.A statisfying relationship is one where the partners are getting more out of relationship than they expect,given social norms and their previous experiences.

Satisfaction:the extend to which partners feel the reward of romantic relationship exceed the costs.Investment-the resources associated with a romantic relationship which would be lost if relationship ended.Comparison with alternatives(CLalt):a judgement about whether a relationship with a different partner would reduce costs and increase rewards.

Two types of relationship:intrinsic:any resources put directly into the relationship-money,energy and self-disclosure.Extrinsic:investments that previously did not feature in the relationship which are now closely associated with it-purchased house together,children,shared memories.

Commitment=investment+satisfaction+alternatives.High levels of satisfaction so more rewards than costs+alternatives are less attractive+the sizes of their investments are increasing=partners will be committed to the relationship.

Commitment matters more than satisfation.Explains why for example a dissatified partner stays in a relationship when their investment levels are high.They will be willing to work hard to repair problems in the relationship so their investment is not wasted.

Relationship maintenance mechanisms:1.Promoting the relationship (accommodation).2.Putting their partner's need first (willingness to sacrifice).3.Forgive them for any serious transgression (forgiveness).4.A partner may be negative about tempting alternatives/other people's relationship (derogation of alternatives).5.A partner may be unrealistic positive about their partner (positive illusions).