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MENTAL HEALTH - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Major depressive disorder
        
        Most severe form
        
        Characterised by complete loss of interest in pleasurable activities
        
        Disturbances:
        
        Appetite
        
        Sleep
        
        Energy level
        
        Typically last 5 month
      - Persistent depressive disorder
        
        Less severe
        
        Chronic low-level depression lasting more than 2 years
        
        Intervals of normal mood not lasting longer than weeks/months
      - Seasonal affective disorder
        
        Can be triggered by lack of sunlight
        
        Characterised by mood & behaviour changes with regular seasonal climatic variation
  - - - Range of 30%-40% heritability
      - Family history of depression doubles or triples individuals risk of mood disorder
      - First-degree relatives of bipolar patients have 15 to 20 times higher risk than general population
    - - Serotonin & norepinephrine have been implicated in major depression and bipolar disorders
      - Many antidepressants increase activity of these neurotransmitters
- - - - Characterised by
        
        Inattention
        
        Impulsiveness
        
        Hyperactivity inappropriate for child's age
        
        Prevalent in boys
        
        Runs in families, apparently for genetic + environmental reasons
- - - - Persecution
        
        Belief that others are persecuting, spying on or trying to harm them
      - Reference
        
        Belief that objects, events or other people have particular significance to them
      - Grandeur
        
        Belief that they have great power, knowledge or talent
      - Identity
        
        Belief that they are someone else, e.g., Jesus Christ
      - Guilt
        
        Belief that they have committed a terrible sin
      - Control
        
        Belief that their thoughts and behaviours are being controlled by external forces
    - - Blanket term for number of psychotic disorders which involve disturbances in thought, perception, behaviour, language, communication and emotion.
      - Positive symptoms
        
        Disorganised (e.g., disordered thought and bizarre behaviour) and psychotic (e.g., delusions, hallucinations) symptoms.
      - Negative symptoms
        
        Relatively chronic, incl. flat affect, lack of motivation, peculiar or withdrawn interpersonal behaviour & intellectual impairments.
      - Risk of schizophrenia in relatives
        
        Identical twins: 48%
        
        Fraternal twin: 17%
        
        Sibling: 9%
        
        Parent: 6%
        
        Child: 13%
        
        Second-degree relatives: 4%
      - Hypothesis
        
        Prenatal trauma could be responsible
        
        Dopamine dysfunction
        
        Positive symptoms reflect too much dopamine activity in subcortical circuits involving the basal ganglia and limbic system
        
        Negative symptoms reflect too little dopamine
        
        Decreased glutamate activity
        
        Structure and function of the brain
        
        Enlarged ventricles & corresponding atrophy in frontal and temporal lobes
        
        Environmental variables
        
        Expressed emotion (criticism, hostile interchanges and emotional over-involvement by family members), play important role in onset and course of disorder
- - - - 5% of population has at least one irrational fear or phobia
      - 10% have a phobia within their lifetime
    - - Characterised by attacks of intense fear and feelings of doom/terror not justified by the situation
      - Attacks typically include shortness of breath, dizziness, heart palpitations, trembling and chest pains
      - Psychological symptoms incl. fear of dying or going crazy
      - Lifetime prevalence between 1.4% to 2.9%
    - - Fear of being in places or situations that are difficult to get out of: e.g., crowded grocery store, elevator
      - Between 1-2% of population suffer at some point in their lives
- - - - Obsessions are persistent irrational thoughts or ideas, such as notion that terrible accident is about to happen
      - Compulsions are intentional behaviours or mental acts performed in response to an obsession, a way to ward off the obsessive thought
      - Sufferers experience compulsions as irresistible acts that must be performed even if they recognise them as irrational
      - Common compulsions incl. hand washing and touching; common obsessions are repetitive thoughts of contamination, violence or doubt
      - Being prevented from performing rituals can lead to intense anxiety and/or panic
      - Obsessive-compulsive disorders typically begin during childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood
      - Symptoms have been found to be related to body-checking behaviour, in turn relating to body dissatisfaction
- - - - Marked by flashbacks and recurrent thoughts of psychologically distressing event outside usual human experience
      - Often traumatic event is of horrific proportions (e.g., murder, rape, natural disaster)
      - Symptoms incl. nightmares, flashbacks, deliberate efforts to avoid thoughts or feelings about the traumatic event, diminished responsiveness to external world, psychological numbness, hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response
- - - - At least 2 separate and distinct personalities existing in the same person
    - - Characterised by disruptions in consciousness, memory, sense of identity or perception
- - - - When people complain of pain, suffering or illness and are significantly distressed about it
      - Sufferers aren't 'faking' symptoms as they genuinely feel the symptoms they describe
    - - Formally hypochondria occurs when people are preoccupied with having or acquiring an illness or ailment when there is no or little medical evidence
    - - Characterised by loss or significant change in physical function (sight, loss of feeling or ability to walk) without any physical diagnosis to explain condition
- - - - Individual drops below 85% of ideal body weight
    - - Individual binges and purges
- - - - Child persistently violates societal norms and rights of others
      - Prevalent in boys
      - Runs in families
      - Caused by both genetic and environmental reasons
- - - - Paranoid
        
        Distrust and suspiciousness
      - Schizoid
        
        Detachment from social relationships
        
        Restricted rage of emotional expression
      - Schizotypal
        
        Acute discomfort in close relationships
        
        Cognitive or perceptual distortions
        
        Eccentricity
    - - Antisocial
        
        Disregard for and violation of the rights of others
      - Borderline
        
        Impulsivity and instability in interpersonal relationships, self-concept and emotion
      - Histrionic
        
        Excessive emotionality and attention seeking
      - Narcissistic
        
        Grandiosity, need for admiration and lack of empathy
    - - Avoidant
        
        Social inhibition and avoidance
        
        Feelings of inadequacy
        
        Hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
      - Dependent
        
        Submissive and clinging behaviour and excessive need to be taken care of
      - Obsessive-compulsive