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GMAT SC - Coggle Diagram
GMAT SC
modifier 修饰语
- participial phrase 现在分词或过去分词与其他修饰语连在一起
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2) I bought a puppy, cheering my mother.
1) Running from the law, the man went home.
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- 同位语为抽象名词，则同位语修饰前面整个clause e.g.: I went to the bar with Mr. Smith, an outing that was far more fun than staying at work. ( an outing是抽象名词，修饰前面整个句子）
- 同位语为具体事物，则同位语修饰前面的名词 e.g: I went to the bar with Mr. Smith, a consultant from Fresno. (consultant是具体名词，修饰Mr. Smith)
- 如果被修饰的名词也是抽象名词，同位语也可修饰前面那个名词 e.g.: On Sunday, our company will hold its annual field day, an outing at which employees drink beer, play softball, and relax. (field day是抽象名词，an outing修饰field day)
- preposition phrase 介词短语
e.g.: The man in the house is crazy.
- Participle 分词 a running man / an damaged house
- relative pronoun (who / whom / that / which)
- gerunds 动名词 e.g.: The running of the bull is an exciting event.
1.comma often set off modifier (or parallel)
e.g.: an required, scientific course
modifier 的用法
- preposition & participles can modify both noun and verb
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2) participles with comma generally modify entire clause e.g.: By the time you read this, I'll be gone.
Noun modifier
- Noun modifier must touch what they modify. E.g.: The house by the road is on fire.
- Relative pronouns only modify nouns, like apposition
parallelism
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a.语意需要平行，才用平行结构
2) This student cheats on exams by copying other students' answer and writes hints on hidden slips of paper. X
3) This student cheats on exams by copying other students' answers and stealing food from the school cafeteria. X
1) This student cheats on exams by copying other students' answers and writing hints on hidden slips of paper. √
4) This student cheats on exams by copying other students' answers and steals food from the school cafeteria. √
pronoun
b. 代词要有可指代的对象
The North American moose’s long legs enable it to move quickly through the woods, stepping easily over downed trees, but predators pursuing it must leap or go around them. X it 没有指代对象，因为前文只出现 moose's 没有出现moose
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c. The only time when you should pay attention to pronoun ambiguity is when the pronoun is replaced with an actual noun in other answer choice. In that case, you should eliminate ambiguous pronouns.
By offering lower prices and a menu of personal communications options, such as caller identification and voice mail, the new telecommunications company has not only captured customers from other phone companies but also forced these companies to offer competitive prices. √ （these companies 很清楚）
By offering lower prices and a menu of personal communications options, such as caller identification and voice mail, the new telecommunications company has not only captured customers from other phone companies but also forced them to offer competitive prices. X force them的them有指代不清
troublesome expression
based on 只修饰noun
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based on xxx, subject + verb. based on 修饰subject
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